重金屬音樂
Heavy Metal Music

Heavy metal (often referred to simply as metal) is a genre of rock music that
developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the Midlands of the
United Kingdom and the United States. With roots in blues rock and
psychedelic rock, the bands that created heavy metal developed a thick,
massive sound, characterized by highly amplified distortion, extended guitar
solos, emphatic beats, and overall loudness. Heavy metal lyrics and
performance styles are generally associated with masculinity and machismo.
重金屬音樂（通常簡稱為金屬樂）是搖滾樂的一個類型，發展於1960年代到1970年代初期
，主要是在英國中部以及美國地區。其源自於藍調搖滾及迷幻搖滾，重金屬音樂發展出厚
重的聲響，採用高度強化的破音、大量的吉他solo、重拍以及大聲的音量。重金屬的歌詞
和表演風格通常與陽剛氣質和男子氣概有關。

The first heavy metal bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Deep
Purple attracted large audiences, though they were often critically reviled,
a status common throughout the history of the genre. In the mid-1970s Judas
Priest helped spur the genre's evolution by discarding much of its blues
influence; Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility and an increasing
emphasis on speed. Bands in the New Wave of British Heavy Metal such as Iron
Maiden followed in a similar vein. Before the end of the decade, heavy metal
had attracted a worldwide following of fans known as "metalheads" or
"headbangers".
第一波金屬樂團如Led Zeppelin、Black Sabbath 和Deep Purple吸引了廣大的聽眾群，
然而他們時常遭到輿論指責，這種情況在這個音樂類型的整個發展歷史中相當常見。在
1970年代中期，Judas Priest協助促進重金屬音樂擺脫原本的藍調色彩；Motörhead引入
了龐克搖滾的感覺以及對速度的強調。英倫金屬新浪潮（New Wave of British Heavy
Metal ，NWOBHM）樂團如Iron Maiden與兩者一脈相承；在70年代結束以前，重金屬音樂
便已經在全世界吸引被稱為「金屬頭（metalhead）」、「甩頭客（headbanger）」的廣
大樂迷。

In the 1980s, glam metal became a major commercial force with groups like Mö
tley Crüe and Poison. Underground scenes produced an array of more extreme,
aggressive styles: thrash metal broke into the mainstream with bands such as
Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer, and Anthrax, while other styles like death metal
and black metal remain subcultural phenomena. Since the mid-1990s, popular
styles such as nu metal, which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip
hop; and metalcore, which blends extreme metal with hardcore punk, have
further expanded the definition of the genre.
到了1980年代，在Mötley Crüe和Poison等樂團引領風潮下，華麗金屬成為了主流商業
音樂中的一股重要勢力。另一方面地下樂界則發展出一系列更極端、更具侵略性的派別：
其中鞭笞金屬隨著Metallica、Megadeth、Slayer與Anthrax的走紅打入主流市場，其他類
型如死亡金屬和黑金屬則依然屬於次文化現象。而自1990年代中期開始，較流行的子類別
如新金屬（nu metal）──該流派通常吸收了油漬搖滾與嘻哈音樂的元素──和金屬核（
metalcore）──這個流派則傾向結合極端金屬與硬蕊龐克──進一步拓展了重金屬音樂
類型的範疇。

特點
Characteristics

Heavy metal is traditionally characterized by loud distorted guitars,
emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound, and vigorous vocals. Metal
subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these
attributes. New York Times critic Jon Pareles writes, "In the taxonomy of
popular music, heavy metal is a major subspecies of hard-rock—the breed with
less syncopation, less blues, more showmanship and more brute force." The
typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead
guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard
instruments are sometimes used to enhance the fullness of the sound.
重金屬音樂傳統上具有高音量的破音吉他、強勁的節奏、稠密的貝斯與鼓聲，以及強而有
力的主唱。金屬的子類別則各有不同著重點與變化，對這些特質或增或刪。紐約時報樂評
Jon Pareles寫道：「在流行音樂的分類中，重金屬音樂是硬式搖滾一個重要的子類別─
─其更少使用切分音、更少藍調味、更強調舞台魅力以及殘暴的力量。」一個金屬樂團的
基本陣容包括了鼓手、貝斯手、節奏吉他手、主奏吉他手以及主唱，這個位置也可能是由
樂手兼任。樂團有時候也有鍵盤手，好令聲音顯得更豐富。

The electric guitar and the sonic power that it projects through
amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The lead
role of the guitar in heavy metal often collides with the traditional
"frontman" or bandleader role of the vocalist, creating a musical tension as
the two "contend for dominance" in a spirit of "affectionate rivalry". Heavy
metal "demands the subordination of the voice" to the overall sound of the
band. Reflecting metal's roots in the 1960s counterculture, an "explicit
display of emotion" is required from the vocals as a sign of authenticity.
Critic Simon Frith claims that the metal singer's "tone of voice" is more
important than the lyrics. Metal vocals vary widely in style, from the
multioctave, theatrical approach of Judas Priest's Rob Halford and Iron
Maiden's Bruce Dickinson, to the gruff style of Motörhead's Lemmy and
Metallica's James Hetfield, to the growling of many death metal performers,
and to the harsh screams of black metal.
電吉他和擴大機所製造出來的強烈音響，在歷史上一直是重金屬的關鍵元素。金屬樂中吉
他居於主角的特性，常與一般樂團「頭臉人物（frontman）」或團長由主唱擔任的傳統相
衝突，使主唱與吉他手間存在著「亦敵亦友」，競奪主導權的音樂張力。在重金屬音樂中
，Vocal必須配合樂團音樂的整體性。回顧重金屬在60年代的反文化運動源頭，Vocal能「
清楚傳達感情」是一種可靠的象徵。樂評Simon Frith宣稱，金屬樂主唱的「聲調」比歌
詞更加重要。金屬樂的歌唱風格五花八門；從音域寬廣、戲劇式的唱腔如Judas Priest的
Rob Halford和Iron Maiden的Bruce Dickinson，到Motörhead的Lemmy和Metallica的
James Hetfield的粗啞唱腔，乃至於死亡金屬中眾多表演者愛用的低吼，和黑金屬演唱者
銳利的尖叫。

The prominent role of the bass is also key to the metal sound, and the
interplay of bass and guitar is a central element. The bass guitar provides
the low-end sound crucial to making the music "heavy".Metal basslines vary
widely in complexity, from holding down a low pedal point as a foundation to
doubling complex riffs and licks along with the lead and/or rhythm guitars.
Some bands feature the bass as a lead instrument, an approach popularized by
Metallica's Cliff Burton in the early 1980s.
吃重的貝斯同樣是金屬樂的關鍵特色之一，貝斯與吉他的交互作用尤其是核心要素。貝斯
提供了使音樂聽來令人感到「重」的底層聲響。金屬樂的貝斯線風格複雜多變，從單純彈
奏低音持續音，到以對稱的複雜riff和樂句為主奏和節奏吉他「打底」都有。有些樂團標
榜著以貝斯為主要樂器，這條路線因Metallica1980年代早期的貝斯手Cliff Burton而普
及。

The essence of metal drumming is creating a loud, constant beat for the band
using the "trifecta of speed, power, and precision". Metal drumming "requires
an exceptional amount of endurance", and drummers have to develop
"considerable speed, coordination, and dexterity...to play the intricate
patterns" used in metal. A characteristic metal drumming technique is the
cymbal choke, which consists of striking a cymbal and then immediately
silencing it by grabbing it with the other hand (or, in some cases, the same
striking hand), producing a burst of sound. The metal drum setup is generally
much larger than those employed in other forms of rock music.
金屬樂鼓手的本質是要「快速、有力、精準」地為樂團創造響亮、連續的拍點。金屬樂鼓
手需要有非凡的持久力，並且必須練出可觀的速度、協調性、靈敏度……去演奏那些金屬
樂中所使用的複雜花式。金屬樂鼓手技巧的一個特點就是Cymbal Choke，即在擊鈸後，用
另一手（在某些例子中，則直接用擊鈸的手）快速握住銅拔使之消音，製造出乍然而現的
聲響。金屬樂使用的鼓組通常也比其他搖滾樂類別所使用的大得多。

In live performance, loudness—an "onslaught of sound," in sociologist Deena
Weinstein's description—is considered vital. In his book Metalheads,
psychologist Jeffrey Arnett refers to heavy metal concerts as "the sensory
equivalent of war." Following the lead set by Jimi Hendrix, Cream and The
Who, early heavy metal acts such as Blue Cheer set new benchmarks for volume.
As Blue Cheer's Dick Peterson put it, "All we knew was we wanted more
power."A 1977 review of a Motörhead concert noted how "excessive volume in
particular figured into the band’s impact." Weinstein makes the case that in
the same way that melody is the main element of pop and rhythm is the main
focus of house music, powerful sound, timbre, and volume are the key elements
of metal. She argues that the loudness is designed to "sweep the listener
into the sound" and to provide a "shot of youthful vitality."
在現場演唱中，高音量──社會學家Deena Weinstein形容為「聲音的突襲」──被認為
不可或缺。在他的書《金屬頭》中，心理學家Jeffrey Arnett指金屬音樂會是「相當於戰
爭的感官體驗」。追隨著領頭樂團如Jimi Hendrix、Cream和The Who的腳步，早期的金屬
樂團體如Blue Cheer，為「高音量」豎立起新的標竿。正如Blue Cheer的Dick Peterson
所說的，「我們只知道自己想要更多的能量！」一則1977年的Motörhead演唱會評論注意
到，極高的音量是如何「為樂團製造衝擊性」。Weinstein解釋說，如同旋律是流行樂的
要素，以及節奏是浩室音樂的關注焦點；強而有力的聲音、音色以及音量，則是金屬樂的
關鍵元素。她認為金屬樂的高音量是刻意用來「將聽眾捲入樂音之中」，並且提供「一劑
年輕活力的強心針」。


（待續）

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I had nothing but the embittered sun...
我一無所有，除卻那怨毒的太陽……

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※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc)
◆ From: 114.38.115.211
OK啊~^^
看到接下來音樂元素的那堆術語已經開始有點眼花的感覺了XDDD
希望可以順利翻完
※ 編輯: coolfly 來自: 114.38.113.73 (12/30 10:42)