[爆卦]虎鶴妖師錄是什麼?優點缺點精華區懶人包

雖然這篇虎鶴妖師錄鄉民發文沒有被收入到精華區:在虎鶴妖師錄這個話題中,我們另外找到其它相關的精選爆讚文章

在 虎鶴妖師錄產品中有4篇Facebook貼文,粉絲數超過35萬的網紅陰陽師,也在其Facebook貼文中提到, 🍨寮辦公告🍨 親愛的陰陽師大人: 為了給大家帶來更好的遊戲體驗,伺服器將於8月4日(週三)06:30~09:30進行停服維護,如未能按時完成,則開服時間將會順延,具體更新詳情請留意稍後更新公告,或維護結束後至遊戲登入介面查看。 維護期間將暫時無法進入遊戲,造成各位陰陽師大人的不便,還請諒解,非常感謝...

  • 虎鶴妖師錄 在 陰陽師 Facebook 的最讚貼文

    2021-08-03 21:13:21
    有 396 人按讚

    🍨寮辦公告🍨
    親愛的陰陽師大人:
    為了給大家帶來更好的遊戲體驗,伺服器將於8月4日(週三)06:30~09:30進行停服維護,如未能按時完成,則開服時間將會順延,具體更新詳情請留意稍後更新公告,或維護結束後至遊戲登入介面查看。
    維護期間將暫時無法進入遊戲,造成各位陰陽師大人的不便,還請諒解,非常感謝大家一如既往的支持!(鞠躬)

    ========改版更新內容========
    1. 重磅福利預告,SP空相面靈氣「集結開啟」!
    ・ 集結期:8月7日00:00 - 8月10日23:59,共4天。
    ・ 活動方式:集結期間內,完成三次集結,即可獲得集結獎勵!
    ・ 集結次數達到指定條件時,除了有神秘的符咒獎勵外,還會各解鎖一段相關的小劇情,大人們千萬不要錯過唷!
    ※ 備註:集結次數為亞服與日服累積次數的總計。
    ※ 【特別注意】:集結期間”無法”透過召喚獲得SP空相面靈氣,召喚活動將在8月11日維護後開始。

    2. 活動——百轉留影
    ・ 活動時間:8月4日維護後 - 8月17日23:59
    ・ 活動期間,已解鎖探索副本第28章的大人,每日首次擊敗探索副本第28章的妖怪首領,將可額外獲取「留影瞳」。
    ・ 大人們在活動介面內,使用「留影瞳」,即可逐步解鎖介面內的物品,獲取對應的記憶碎片。
    ・ 隨著物品解鎖進度的增加,陰陽師大人們還可獲得御行達摩(碎片)、四星奉為達摩和插畫·百轉留影等獎勵。
    ・ 「插畫·百轉留影」會於後續活動商店推出,大人們也可屆時前往兌換。
    ・ 遮蓋在記憶上的迷霧散去,模糊的身影正慢慢靠近。一切的祈盼與困囿,即將迎來屬於它的答案……

    3. 活動——金幣大作戰!
    ・ 滴答滴答,寺廟的雕像先別想了,還是先修繕下屋頂吧!
    ・ 活動時間:8月4日維護後 - 8月18日23:59
    ・ 活動內容:每日完成指定任務可獲得大量金幣,累計完成任務獲得更多獎勵。
    ・ 活動期間,使用金幣達到一定數量,鐵鼠還有額外好禮贈予大人。

    4. 全新秘聞副本「逐路之爭」開啟!
    ・ 新增挑戰副本——孟婆秘聞副本「逐路之爭」。
    ・ 通關第8、9和10層更有四星奉為達摩、御行達摩和孟婆新外觀「冰蒲果祭」可以獲取。

    5. 隊伍預設全新改版!
    ・ 新增了隊伍預設分組功能,大人們可以設置隊伍預設的分組,戰鬥前選擇隊伍時也可以通過分組更快地找到想要的隊伍。
    ・ 在隊伍預設介面的分組側欄,進入分組管理即可新增、命名、刪除分組以及調整分組的順序。
    ・ 優化了隊伍預設的移動點觸操作,有效解決了拖動隊伍預設列表過程中誤操作導致改變隊伍預設順序的問題。
    ・ 優化了隊伍預設中設置陰陽術的操作。
    ・ 隊伍預設數量上限增加到50。
    ・ 新增了刪除隊伍預設的功能,打開隊伍預設的隊伍詳情介面即可刪除隊伍預設。
    ・ 功能上線後,將刪除當前為空的隊伍預設,原有的隊伍預設將保存在默認分組內,大人可以在新增分組後,將預設移入想要的分組中。

    6. 花合戰·葉月上線!
    ・ 活動時間:8月4日維護後 - 9月1日維護前
    ・ 活動期間,陰陽師大人們可以透過完成各式各樣的任務來獲得花札經驗,從而提高自己的花札等級。
    ・ 隨著花札等級的提升,陰陽師大人們可以獲得大量豐厚的獎勵。
    ・ 購買墨染花札,更可解鎖天劍韌心鬼切外觀·爾切虎嘯等超值獎勵!
    ・ 更新客歲花札及商店:
    陰陽師大人們可以在「花合戰」-「商店」介面,購買客歲花札,購買後花合戰等級每提升1級,即可獲得一個「花合禮幣」,每期花合戰最多獲得50個禮幣。
    「花合禮幣」可以在商店中購買對應月份的往期外觀,本期為葉月,暫無外觀返場,但大人們可以在後續花合戰活動中使用花合禮幣購買返場外觀。

    7. 現世逢魔寮勳章收益UP!
    ・ 活動時間:8月4日00:00 - 8月10日23:59
    ・ 活動期間,逢魔之時玩法中“現世逢魔”四次後獲得的陰陽寮勳章收益翻倍,快集結寮成員一起參與吧!

    8. 新禮包情報!

    「罪業迴舞特惠禮」
    售價:30魂玉
    購買後連續5天每天獲得:神秘的符咒×1,奉為達摩×1,金幣×5000
    限購時間:8月4日維護後 - 8月10日23:59,限購1次

    「罪業迴舞召喚禮」
    售價:128魂玉
    購買後連續7天每天獲得:神秘的符咒×2,六星青吉鬼×1,五星青吉鬼×1,四星青吉鬼×3,金幣×50000
    限購時間:8月4日維護後 - 8月10日23:59,限購1次

    「罪業迴舞預備禮」
    售價:328魂玉
    購買後獲得:神秘的符咒×30,四星奉為達摩×2,金幣×100000
    限購時間:8月4日維護後 - 8月10日23:59,限購1次

    「日常補給禮」
    售價:18魂玉
    購買後獲得:體力×300,櫻餅×30,金幣×30000
    限購時間:8月4日維護後 - 8月10日23:59,每日限購1次

    ========體驗優化========
    1. 優化了陰陽寮式神碎片交換功能,大人們現在可以與離線的寮友交換式神碎片了。
    2. 優化了御魂強化時選擇材料彈出的御魂資訊介面,去掉了無效的“強化”和“分享”按鈕。
    3. 優化了預覽禮包的體驗,在禮包預覽介面中,已擁有的頭像框道具會標記“已擁有”。
    4. 優化了陰陽寮式神碎片捐贈記錄介面,陰陽師大人可以一鍵感謝寮友、一鍵領取寮友回贈的獎勵了。
    5. 優化了領取成就「永遠的平安京·八」時,簽到1500日達成名次的顯示問題。
    6. 優化了御魂教學引導,教學影片結束後,會繼續引導陰陽師大人裝備上御魂。
    7. 協同對弈平衡性優化調整
    ※ 帝釋天、阿修羅、入內雀已加入協同對弈,可在協同對弈中選取。
    ※ 調整了部分式神可能出現的御魂搭配。
    ※ 協同對弈中將可選擇到搭配「遺念火」、「共潛」、「惡樓」、「貝吹坊」、「海月火玉」、「出世螺」的式神。
    ※ 式神選取時,提高部分治療式神、獲取鬼火式神的出現機率。
    ※ 對部分式神屬性進行平衡調整。
    8. 優化了暴食鬼介面的式神和經驗素材的顯示,增加了堆疊功能。
    9. 優化了部分機型的御魂強化介面中,選中的材料御魂彈框可能遮擋強化按鈕的問題。
    10. 優化了協同對弈時陰陽師大人名稱與頭像的位置關係,陰陽師大人名稱現調整為在頭像正下方居中顯示。
    11. 優化了式神阿修羅展示模型的待機動作。
    12. 優化了R階式神鐵鼠、九命貓覺醒前和覺醒後的模型表現。
    13. 優化了鬼切外觀•萌丸鶴語的模型顯示。

    ========問題修復========
    1. 修復了式神帝釋天模型在某些場景下臉部會被陰陽師大人暱稱遮擋的問題。
    2. 修復了式神帝釋天在庭院中模型臉部顯示不平整的問題。
    3. 修復了千姬預設外觀在式神錄中展示模型顯示異常的問題。
    4. 修復了陰陽寮狩獵戰麒麟選擇介面跨天未正確更新的問題。
    5. 修復了新手引導過程中由於誤操作引發的引導卡住的問題。
    6. 修復了鬥技準備介面部分機型的適配問題。
    7. 復了個人空間式神列表中已展示式神沒有灰化顯示的問題。
    8. 修復了探索劇情第二章「幸福的彼岸」戰鬥場景的顯示錯誤。
    9. 修復了PC版前輩之守護系統協同任務選擇御魂介面的御魂顯示問題。
    10. 修復了手動、自動探索副本Boss戰鬥結束時,個別情況不能領取寶箱獎勵的問題。
    11. 修復了庭院外觀「初語謐景·煥新」中部分情況下點擊師徒小紙人沒有回應的問題。
    12. 修復了陰陽師PC版進入陰陽寮結界後,返回陰陽寮介面時使用Esc會彈出退出遊戲提示框的問題。
    13. 修復了切換帳號後,沒有更新帳號御魂上限的問題。
    14. 修復了天劍韌心鬼切SP外觀模型淚痣遺失的問題。
    15. 修復了輝夜姬召喚動畫顯示錯誤的問題。
    16. 修復了鈴鹿御前「御海臨淵」外觀在育成介面位置顯示錯誤的問題。
    17. 修復了御魂「共潛」在部分情況下無法正確觸發驅散的問題;修復了在觸發御魂效果時未亮御魂圖示的問題。
    18. 修正了逢魔密信中,座敷童子技能「禍福相生」名稱錯誤的問題。
    19. 修復了部分雪女怪物技能描述錯誤的問題,使其和實際效果保持一致。
    20. 修復了緊那羅、瀧夜叉姬部分外觀在育成時模型位置異常的問題。
    21. 修復了部分機型進入地域鬼王玩法時,地圖初始位置錯誤的情況。
    22. 修復了探索副本第二十章「賭上性命的儀式」部分入口被遮擋的問題。
    23. 修復了式神傳記中「畫」介面中右側屏風顯示的問題。
    24. 修復了PC版用戶端在進入戰鬥時,某些情況下自動戰鬥會中斷的問題。

    ========式神調整========
    1. 入內雀
    ※ 覺醒前:「附身」技能效果調整為:唯一效果。先機:附身友方攻擊力最高的單位。附身單位受到致命傷害時,消耗附身。【施放】轉移附身到另外一個友方單位。
    ※ 覺醒後:「附身」技能效果調整為:唯一效果。先機:附身友方攻擊力最高的單位。附身單位受到致命傷害時,免疫該次傷害並消耗附身,扣除當前生命上限到1點,獲得扣除生命上限等量的腐血(不超過入內雀初始防禦4000%),之後無法再獲得腐血。【施放】轉移附身到另外一個友方單位。
    ※ 「附身」狀態效果調整為:入內雀特殊機制,同一時間只能附身1個目標。附身被消耗後消失。附身單位會獲得入內雀的初始防禦,最多不超過該單位自身初始防禦50%,入內雀獲得附身單位的初始攻擊,最多不超過自身初始攻擊50%。
    本次調整,將對所有擁有入內雀的陰陽師大人進行補償:
    ※ 擁有6星入內雀,補償 六星式神轉換符x1、御札x800
    ※ 擁有5星入內雀,補償 五星式神轉換符x1、御札x400
    ※ 若擁有多個6星入內雀,除第一個之外,每個額外補償 六星式神轉換符x1
    ※ 若擁有多個5星入內雀,除第一個之外,每個額外補償 五星式神轉換符x1
    ※ 若同時擁有6星及5星入內雀,御札補償取高者,不重複補償。
    補償領取的有效時間:2021年8月4日維護後 - 8月17日 23:59,如超過領取時間將無法另外申請補發,請大人儘快領取。

  • 虎鶴妖師錄 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2021-07-14 00:07:18
    有 229 人按讚

    「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版,由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計,內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等,感恩十方大德助印,希望疫情退散,平安喜樂,後記如下:

    野放台灣五十餘年,貪狼獨坐,三方四正殺破狼格局,少年多舛,白手起家,隨展覽雲遊四海,如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返,遂設幻影堂自詡堂主,一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」,常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純,彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘,了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝,雖非仙人,亦無道骨,初聞離垢地生清淨心,但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠,待修持也。
    2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》,心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到,意識死神隨伺在側,人生苦短,如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解,蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜,聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃,甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎,禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘,台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜(佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教&大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教&天德教、慈惠堂&勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……)、神棍橫行(依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫),因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜,但地獄造景稀少,後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人,各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味,意境乖張溢於言表,造型扭曲非常人所能塑也,然匠心獨運、自成一格,專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美,絲毫不輸喬托(Giotto di Bondone,1267~1337)乃至米開朗基羅(Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564)矣。

    創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱,雖主祀四面佛,儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊,可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像,安太歲自不在話下,甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深,1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍,行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關,只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地,十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台,粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格,尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂,該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯(包青天),陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解,求破懸案者眾,逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸,全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中,四周環繞墓地,適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮(1971)地府則是首座電動地府,規模精小但驚嚇度破表,略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍,出自已故台南大道長金登富之作,而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外,乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面,尊尊栩栩如生,續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道,造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」(阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像)旁設靜態十殿閻羅(1970年代初),雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存,續往上行可抵「證菩提道-釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區,一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時,琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心,世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路,但因緣果報無法逆轉,昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加,還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺,遂以缽盛救度五百族人,最終卻化為血水,佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力,因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐,目犍連遂展神通救渡,但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火,佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日,於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾,因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌,既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

    台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗,不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂(1979年興建,1983年開放),燈光絢爛、聲響駭人,獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」,至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形,睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪,觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生(胎、卵、濕、化)回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」,轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」,窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」,直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿,皆為極犯,另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」(查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司)後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事,依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺(紫河車)」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載,人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」,經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫,犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄(阿鼻地獄)」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主,統轄十殿閻羅,逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

    人類居於五趣(阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄)雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界,犯十惡業(殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴)者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」(欲界、色界、無色界)二十八天?凡人無此意識,別說能破「十二因緣」(無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死)還滅門,更別想斷除「四聖諦」(苦、集、滅、道)集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑(五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑),了悟「五蘊」(色、受、想、行、識)本空、「十二入」(眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法)空、「十八界」空,破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執,生十一處「善心所」(信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害),降二十六處「惡心所」(貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知),須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

    地獄可能空滅嗎?若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪,地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土?若能證空性何處現地獄?

    地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間,老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心,然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所,惡性所及實無可根除,礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層,乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷,暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄,心多妄念,妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間,會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉,我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄,三魂七魄尚不足以出竅,驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧,豈不謬哉?

    病毒肆虐年半有餘,全球確診者逼近一億八千萬,枉死者近四百萬,堪比戰爭規模,望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空,唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

    姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

    Postscript

    I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

    In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

    Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

    Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

    Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
    Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
    Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

    The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

    June 2021,

    Yao Jui-chung

  • 虎鶴妖師錄 在 偽學術 Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2021-06-04 17:34:33
    有 216 人按讚

    【認真聽】#妖怪的誕生與妖怪學 | 日本的妖怪系譜 | 井上圓了、柳田國男、小松和彥、河合隼雄這些妖怪學者們 // 李長潔👹👺👻
    .
    妖怪,在當代日本流行文化中,有著非常豐富的表現,像是《妖怪手錶》、《鬼太郎》、《鬼滅之刃》等,散見動畫、電影、漫畫、電玩諸多不同的媒介文本中。對於日本大眾而言,妖怪不僅恐怖,有時候更是可愛又迷人的反派角色。那到底妖怪是甚麼?跟鬼與幽靈有甚麼不同?還有專門防範瘟疫的妖怪?
    .
    剛好最近應 #曉劇場 的 #鐘伯淵 的邀請,與知名妖怪畫家/作家 #角斯,一起在宜蘭大學進行線上講座,漫談「#妖怪文化與創作」。我系統性地整理了一下「妖怪學的系譜」,就順勢將講座的內容做了整理,分享給大家。
    .
    📌 #今天的內容有:
    .
    ▶ 妖怪文化與創作
    ▶ 我想要看到鬼
    ▶ 妖怪幽靈的起源與區別
    ▶ 什麼是百鬼夜行
    ▶ 妖怪學的誕生與系譜
    ▶ 妖怪博士—井上圓了
    ▶ 民俗學大咖—柳田國男
    ▶ 妖怪研究大師—小松和彥
    ▶ 傳說中的心靈解析—河合隼雄
    ▶ 防護傳染病的妖怪
    ▶ 當代台灣的妖怪復興運動
    .
    📣 #Firstory 聽這裡:https://open.firstory.me/story/ckpi4iq8er97a08905t3dfzo4
    .
    📣 #KKbox 聽這裡:https://podcast.kkbox.com/episode/KnwheK-Gr11ZYd6OLW
    .
    📣 #Spotify 聽這裡:https://open.spotify.com/episode/4Xu5k2MuYVPMp8s5SDR4nK?si=oYl7WuVRSv-Sp2VV14WMww&utm_source=copy-link
    .
    📣 #Apple 聽這裡:https://reurl.cc/W3kldk

    |

    ///// 完整論述 ////

    日本自古就有大量關於妖怪的傳說,像是土佐光信的「百鬼夜行繪卷」、鳥山石燕的「畫圖百鬼夜行」,後來還有柳田國男民俗學、小泉八雲的怪談文學、水木茂的妖怪漫畫。妖怪對於日本人的精神生活影響深遠,相關文化的淵源流長、系譜龐大。
    .
    ▓ #鬼妖怪與幽靈的區別
    .
    首先,我們先來區分一下「鬼」、「妖怪」與「幽靈」,雖然他們都是會令我們害怕的東西,但在不同文化的解釋上,有著不同的發展脈絡。在中國的脈絡裡,妖指稱著「異常」的現象,怪則比較複雜,包含「異常現象」與「異常事物」。(廖翊如,2018)
    .
    我們以日本文化為範疇,對妖怪的想像起自於繩文時代的萬靈想像,世界萬物都具有某種神異,以其作為解釋自然的邏輯。進入到平安時期,妖怪的概念開始快速發展,明確地《續日本書紀》裡寫到,龜寶八年(777年)時皇宮中妖怪頻傳。江戶時期,「お化け」、「百鬼夜行」等相關的詞彙,開始頻繁地使用,透過風俗畫卷、說書、物語等形構與流傳,鬼、妖怪、幽靈成為人人口耳相傳的重要故事主題。
    .
    當然,怪異事物的光譜遼闊,我們做一個普遍上日文中的分類說明。傳統中的おん(後來搭配漢字的「鬼」),指稱「隱」的事物,說的是各種被集體排斥、感到害怕的事物,其包含被作為鬼的人,和想像中的鬼,兩者會互相影響,例如怨靈菅原道真。後來鬼的形象越趨明顯,指的是「酒吞童子」、「桃太郎故事」裡的那種長角的妖怪(青鬼、赤鬼),在神社寺廟裡有許多祭典都圍繞著「鬼」這個角色,有著濃厚的佛教傳播色彩,而牛角虎皮的形象,則來自中國風水上鬼門的概念(北東=丑寅)。因此,鬼可以說是一種「惡」的綜合,有時候甚至是「盜匪」的借代。
    .
    妖怪(ようかい),則是泛指奇怪的現象或物,像是河童、天狗、傘怪等。原本較無描繪型態,後來,從室町時代開始,像是土佐光信的《百鬼夜行繪卷》,開始以畫卷做出各種妖怪型態的描寫,如枇杷、傘、魚等。土佐光信將原本就存在的妖怪想像,首次進行視覺化,也奠定了日後江戶時期大眾對「百鬼夜行」的娛樂興趣。
    .
    而幽靈(幽霊)就是台灣文化中的「鬼」,指的是人的魂魄的延伸。幽靈的概念,可以追溯到《古事記》裡黃泉的故事(大家應該知道吧),平安時代也有影響國家政治史的三大怨靈—「菅原道真」、「崇德天皇」、「平將門」。室町時代後開始有許多以「幽靈」為主題的能劇與歌舞伎,後來就出現很多大家孰知的《四谷怪談》、《皿屋敷》、《牡丹燈籠》三大女鬼故事,而幽靈的形象(小雪)也在畫家圓山應舉的水墨畫中奠定(加治屋健司,2011)。
    .
    江戶時代以降,這些妖魔鬼怪的故事成為日本社會文化中重要的成分,直到今天,我們總也能在大眾文化的許多地方,遇見它們,像是各地的吉祥物不就正是某種地方文化妖怪化(具體化、現象化)的實現。
    .
    好啦~以上我們是以一個概論的形式來討論「妖怪」,接下來,便以日本學術界對「妖怪」的論述,來做一個系譜性的研究。
    .
    ▓ #虛怪與實怪的妖怪哲學
    .
    若要說第一位將「妖怪」作為研究對象的學者,就是井上圓了。生於1858年的井上圓了,做為一名哲學家、佛學家,怎麼會去研究妖怪呢?還被號稱為「妖怪博士」。圓了研究妖怪的目的,在於探討「人心的近代化」(人心の近代化),希望透過分析妖怪的存在,來去破除日本傳統中陳舊的迷信。這裡的「妖怪」指涉一種「學術用語」,指稱各種非合理正常的事物與精神(三浦宏文,2017)。
    .
    1887年井上圓了出版《妖怪玄談》。明治時代初期,有許多強調「不思議」的社會現象,像是「狐狗狸降靈術」(こっくりさん)(類似碟仙的占卜巫術)、「鬼門」等,讓井上認為應該要「除魅」與「近代化」。井上將妖怪當作一種現象,並且區分出「虛怪」、「實怪」,虛怪是人為的妖怪現象,又分成主觀與客觀上看錯的「誤怪」,與意圖製造出來的「偽怪」。(甲田烈,2014)
    .
    而真正從自然真實派生出來的實怪,則分成對自然現象進行有限解釋的「仮怪」(假怪),像是用鬼的肆虐來解釋瘟疫的傳播,和統攝萬物現象運作的「真怪」,例如「太極」、「真如」等。從井上圓了「妖怪哲學」來看,我們必須要拂除假怪,關照真怪,使事物合理,便是讓市井常民的生活更加明亮。(井上円了,2001)
    .
    ▓ #江馬務的妖怪變化史
    .
    再過渡到大正時期,歷史學者江馬務則將「妖怪」的主題,聚焦在視覺文化上,這些不可見的妖怪,是如何在歷史的過程中,被化成具體的形象。江馬務的《日本妖怪變化史》(1923),透過風俗畫來解讀妖怪形象的變化,對妖怪、幽靈、鬼做了細緻的分類,例如區分出人、植物、動物、物品、無法解釋的現象等怪異類型。江馬務與井上圓了有所不同,他並不認為妖怪是一種現象,而是將其作為古代社會的真實:既然古代人相信有妖怪,那研究妖怪就等於研究古代風俗民情。也就是從客觀的社會變化,對照人類對妖怪的主觀想像;透過妖怪的形象變化,來理解常民文化的面貌,尤其是造型化、視覺化後的妖怪。
    .
    ▓ #柳田國男的妖怪民俗學
    .
    1936年,第一位使用田野調查方式對民俗進行考察的學者—柳田國男,出版了專論妖怪的《妖怪談議》。柳田國男基本上是拒絕井上圓了的「除魅」論,並承接江馬務對妖怪民俗的興趣,進行大量的妖怪故事蒐集。《妖怪談議》等著作的重要貢獻就是,採集了全日本的妖怪故事,並分析其種類與分布;區分出妖怪與幽靈的差別(基本上兩者是對立的);最後,柳田國男將妖怪的出現看作是神靈信仰的衰退。雖然將妖怪看作是神靈信仰的衰退被受批評,但這樣的觀點直接影響了後來的當代妖怪學大師小松和彥。(小松和彦,2001)
    .
    除了《妖怪談議》外,柳田國男還整理與撰寫了《幽靈思想的變遷》、《狸與鬼神學》、《巫女考》、《遠野物語》等。這樣對故事的蒐集,是柳田國男的民俗學基礎,他認為「有形文化」、「語言藝術」、「心意現象」,是了解民俗的三條路徑。其中「心意現象」(或說精神世界),是把握文化架構的終極目標。所以研究妖怪,就是了解日本人恐懼感的原初形式,也是那些沒有被外來文化所影響的深層部分。
    .
    ▓ #當代妖怪學大師小松和彥
    .
    如果提到妖怪研究,必定無法迴避文化人類學家小松和彥。承接著柳田國男的妖怪民俗學、妖怪口述文學、妖怪宗教學,國際日本文化研究中心的小松和彥,更進一步以結構主義、符號學的社會科學觀點與方法,對所蒐集的故事傳說與繪卷進行分析。小松的結構主義方法強調,「妖怪」現象不僅是物件和事物的總和,這些物件和事物背後都另有涵義,研究妖怪就是研究人心人性、研究社會狀況。小松和彥是一個高產量的研究者,《憑靈信仰論》(1994)、《異人論》(1995)、《惡靈論》(1997)、《神明的精神史》(1997)、《妖怪學新考》(1998)《怪異的民俗學》(共8卷)(2002、2001)、《京都魔界案內》(2002)、《異界與日本人》(1998)等,還有一堆沒寫上。
    .
    在小松和彥的研究下,所謂的「妖怪學」正式成為一種研究領域,或研究取徑,他的《妖怪學新考》(1998)融合前人之大成(像是柳田國男對文化心靈的追尋,或是谷川健一《魔之譜系》中妖怪(敗者)支配人類(勝者)的政治想像)。他開展了透過妖怪來理解人類社會結構、精神歷史與內心狀態之間關係的方法論。小松和彥主要以「妖怪概念」作為分析社會的架構,其領域有「妖怪現象」、「妖怪存在」、「被造型化的妖怪」。
    .
    妖怪現象是指某種不可思議現象解釋的超自然假設,這是一種感官上、情感的恐懼現象;妖怪存在則是指未成為祭祀對象的妖怪現象,無法被解釋的現象在江戶時代轉化為存在;造型化的妖怪指涉被形象化的妖怪存在,在室町時代、江戶時代大量被生產與再生產出多元的妖怪視覺化樣貌。而「超自然」的現象解釋,變成為修補日常與超常之間斷裂的論述話語。
    .
    對我而言,妖怪是一個上層概念,其與神、人形成一個動態的關聯,也解釋世界的圖式。這個圖式明顯地揚棄柳田國男的「神靈衰退說」,將妖怪提升到與神明平等的超自然位置。
    .
    並且妖怪是出現於非日常的「異界」,而這種地理上的實質異界(邊緣地帶),混合在村落、鄉鎮、都市三類的「社會生活」中,如此一來將異常與日常縫補起來,更加能理解日本人的文化心靈。
    .
    小松和彥的《京都魔界案內》是我的啟蒙。想到幾年前在日本書店看見小松和彥監修的《京都魔界案內》雜誌版,真的是眼界大開,原來可以用妖怪鬼魅的故事與空間,去詮釋整個京都的歷史、地理、社會、文化、政治、經濟等面向,還可以拿來當作旅遊手冊,增添遊歷的趣味。
    .
    ▓ #諏訪春雄的幽靈論
    .
    近世文學家、藝能史研究者諏訪春雄,也對這些妖魔鬼怪非常有興趣,著名的研究主題是「蛇」,他詳析了中國、日本的「白蛇」故事。在《日本の幽霊》(1988)一書中,諏訪春雄也區分了妖怪與幽靈,他認為,幽靈是人類的延伸,是祖靈信仰的產物,通常出現在「他界」,相較而言,諏訪春雄認為幽靈形象與故事是較為嶄新,且幽靈通常是純真而容易相信他人的人,即使受到欺負也不知道怎麼反擊,這樣「一心一意」的人,最後就成為幽靈。妖怪則是一種生物,是泛靈論的產物,通常出現在「異界」。他界指的是與人間平行、對稱的「死後的世界」,而異界就是「無序、恐怖、反常的世界」。
    .
    ▓ #河合隼雄的怪奇精神分析詮釋學
    .
    從河合隼雄的榮格學派精神分析角度來看,「異界」正是無意識的領域,是非日常、例外、內在、感性、混沌的,因此,他非常重視異界中的日本傳說,其詮釋著日本人的文化心靈結構。在讀河合隼雄之後,非常深刻地體悟,所謂的心靈,就是文化,一種不可言喻的內外統合意義世界。像是「浦島太郎」、「鶴妻」等,都反映了日本人精神世界的個體化面貌。(河合隼雄,1982、1994;千野美和子,2009)
    .
    我們以在疫情中爆紅的妖怪—アマビエ為例,在社群媒體爆紅的這隻妖怪,就反映了大眾社會的不安情感,以及期待療癒與未來(預言)的心靈撫慰。
    .
    ▓ #妖怪研究的當代觀點
    .
    總結而言,妖怪自古就存在,進入到明治時代之後,學者們將妖怪與人類心靈做了一個整合地理解,更在這樣的基礎上,展開民俗學的研究取徑。我們要說妖怪是什麼呢?綜合來說,它們有著「有形のもの」(the tangible)與「無形のもの」(the intangible)的存在方式,甚至,也可能是一種「有形と無形のあいだ」(between tangible and intangible)的存在方式,而各種妖怪鬼魅存在,正是社會文化的本身具現。(廣田龍平,2014)
    .
    當代的妖怪研究,在80年代後加速地興起,無疑是一種日本人對日本傳統文化消失的「鄉愁」。1990-2000年的妖怪鬼魅流行文化與文本的興起,無疑的,也是某種對日本文化的自我審視與在生產。不過從狐狸、天狗類型的妖怪逐漸消失在現代都市中,與大量增加的人系幽靈出沒,可以見到人對自然敬畏的遠離,對現代生活人間關係的疑慮,更反映了個人主義化的趨勢,人人以自己的認知結構來劃分「異界」,於是,恐怖的事物更加地個人化,而非顯現為傳統集體性的鄉野傳說。不過別擔心,妖怪的活力還是充裕滿載,小松和彥說:「只要人類存在,妖怪就不會消失」,「研究妖怪,就是研究人」。
    .
    ▓ #台灣的妖怪再生產與消費
    .
    近年來,日本的妖怪不斷在大眾/次文化場域推陳出新,從充滿萌元素的動漫至詭譎的推理小說,再到妖怪的周邊商品,這股妖怪旋風也吹至台灣,掀起一陣「模仿」熱潮,從溪頭妖怪村、臺中經貿夜市以妖怪作為經營特色方針,都可以看出妖怪符碼的挪用。
    .
    然而,台灣妖怪的出現不僅僅可以視作商業流行符碼操作,更應該深思臺灣文化中對妖怪的刪除與找回,探索背後的文化脈絡與焦慮。妖怪是一個地方的人們,利用他們有限的知識與想像力,去理解生活周遭的環境之後所產生的心理投射與文化創作(廖翊如,2018)。無論是系譜性、系統性地去回顧、整理台灣的妖怪田野,引出資料中妖怪的形象,或是更進一步去創作出新的鬼魅妖怪,像是《還願》這樣的遊戲作品,或近期興起的妖怪文藝。都是對人們日常生活的重新賦給意義,增加大眾文化的趣味與厚度,更可成為對社會的描述、紀錄、探索與批判。

    |

    📒#參考文獻
    .
    1. 井上円了. (2001). 妖怪学. 井上円了選集, 21, 13-94.

    2. 高橋直美. (2001). 井上圓了と妖怪学の現在. 井上円了センター年報, (10), 97-118.

    3. 甲田烈. (2014). 円了妖怪学における 「真怪」 の構造. 国際井上円了研究, (2), 250-271.

    4. 三浦節夫. (2014). 井上円了の妖怪学. 国際井上円了研究, (2), 285-311.

    5. 井関大介. (2017). 井上円了の妖怪学と心理学. 井上円了センター年報= Annual report of the Inoue Enryo Center, (26), 95-116.

    6. 三浦節夫. (2001). 井上円了と妖怪学の誕生. 井上円了選集, 21, 464-493.

    7. 小松和彦. (2001). 井上円了の妖怪学とそれ以後. 井上円了選集, 21, 449-463.

    8. 三浦宏文(2017). 井上円了の哲学と妖怪学の目的.

    9. 馬場真理子. (2014). 妖怪. 東京大学宗教学年報, 32, 237-239.

    10. 川野明正. (2020). 漢語における 「妖怪」 概念-日・中・台の概念比較.

    11. 江馬務. (1923). 日本妖怪変化史. 中央公論新社.

    12. 廖翊如. (2018). 臺灣大眾文化中的妖怪再現與生產. 台灣文學與跨國文化研究所, 1-87.

    13. 加治屋健司, & カジヤケンジ. (2011). 日本の中世及び近世における夢と幽霊の視覚表象. 広島市立大学芸術学部芸術学研究科紀要, (16), 37-44.

    14. 諏訪春雄. (2010). 霊魂の文化誌: 神・妖怪・幽霊・鬼の日中比較研究. 勉誠出版.

    15. 冨安由真. 心霊表象論: 心霊イメージの変遷から読み解く 「不気味な」 表現の可能性.

    16. 小松和彥(1998)。妖怪學新考。講談社。

    17. 千野美和子. (2009). 日本昔話 [鬼が笑う] にみる母性. 京都光華女子大学研究紀要= Research bulletin of Kyoto Koka Women's University, 47, 105-120.

    18. 河合隼雄. (1994). ユング心理学入門 (Vol. 1). 岩波書店.

    19. 廣田龍平. (2014). 妖怪の, 一つではない複数の存在論―妖怪研究における存在論的前提についての批判的検討―. Journal of Living Folklore.

    20. 河合隼雄. (1982). 昔話と日本人の心. 岩波書店.

    |

    #也太長
    #謝謝大家聽我囉唆

你可能也想看看

搜尋相關網站