弟弟加油💪

兒科急診的小故事

今天上兒科急診，來了一位弟弟。

弟弟來兒科急診求診的原因是，弟弟自「6/5（W5)」起，陸續出現頭暈、眼睛複視、臉部表情歪斜、肢體無力造成跛行、吞嚥困難容易嗆到等症狀，弟弟先至住家附近的醫院求診，影像檢查發現腦幹內有腫瘤，所以今天轉來兒科急診。（圖）

我第一眼看弟弟走路真的就是巔巔簸簸。眼睛👀明顯出現複視的現象。
我一再問爸爸說：「症狀真的是上禮拜五才出現的嗎？」

爸爸說是的！上禮拜四之前都有去上學！

此時爸爸非常傷心😢，他一直說弟弟平常真的很乖，每天回家都乖乖讀書，平常也不會亂跑及亂花錢的。

我聽了😦，也只能盡量安慰他。

兒童腦瘤有時候真的會這樣的！

「兒童腦部腫瘤」

兒童腦部腫瘤的發生率僅次於兒童白血病，佔18歲以下兒童癌症的第二位，每年約有120~140位兒童罹患腦瘤。發生率約為2/100,000。

腦瘤的病因⋯⋯

除了一些少見的遺傳疾病之病患，如神經纖維瘤與結節硬化症等，其腦瘤發生與遺傳特性有關外，其他導致腦瘤產生的真正原因並不清楚。

腦瘤的臨床症狀⋯⋯

腦瘤的症狀依其「大小」及「所長的位置」而表現各異。
有些症狀是由於「腫瘤在顱腔內有限的空間造成壓迫而產生」，有些症狀則是因為「腫瘤直接侵犯腦組織而致」。

弟弟腦瘤是在腦幹⋯⋯
其早期症狀為眼睛複視、頭部傾斜、頸部僵直、臉部肌肉無力、嘔吐、吞嚥困難易嗆到、說話不清楚、肢體無力造成跛行、行動笨拙、步態不穩、人格改變。
後期若有單側或雙側瞳孔放大、昏迷、肢體僵直、呼吸速率變化及呼吸停止等，均為極嚴重極危險之症狀。

腦瘤的治療
兒童腦瘤的治療有手術切除、放射線治療、及化學藥物治療等三種方式。

治療之後遺留下來的長期後遺症，有下列幾項：

一、腦部神經功能受損，包括偏癱或跛行、步態不穩、聽力喪失、視野缺損或視力模糊。

二、內分泌異常，生長發育遲緩、身材矮小等症狀。

三、學習困難、智能障礙、情緒障礙或行為偏差。

四、續發性癌症的發生。

弟弟加油💪

多謝呢位醫生既分享
祝願周同學大步擸過😭😭😭😭
同時強烈譴責港警每次出動都不斷攻擊市民頭部！！直接造成嚴重傷害！！！
解散警隊！刻不容緩🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿🖕🏿
#願榮光稱香港
#一齊集氣
#香港人不能麻木

[腦疝]

喺講腦疝之前，希望大家為周同學祈禱打氣，希望佢可以大步檻過。呢篇比較深，但希望大家可以睇哂佢。之前講過嘅腦硬膜外出血 (epidural haematoma)，以及腦硬膜下出血 (subdural haematoma)、蛛網膜下出血 (subarachnoid haematoma)，致死嘅原因都可以係腦疝。

疝，指器官受外力影響、而被迫入偏離本身位置嘅空間。腦疝，就係大腦或者小腦因為顱內壓上升，而被迫出本來嘅位置。

如圖，大腦同小腦由唔同嘅結構分開，形成唔同區域：大腦鐮 (falx cerebri) 分開左右兩邊大腦半球，小腦幕 (tentorium cerebelli) 將大腦半球與該邊嘅小腦半球分開。當顱內壓急速上升時，大腦小腦就會由原來嘅區域，被外力「啫」去另一區域，形成腦疝，從而壓住其他結構。

腦疝可分為四類：
一．大腦鐮下腦疝 (subfalcine herniation)。呢種腦疝嘅臨床病徵較輕微。通常嘅後續係大腦前動脈 (anterior cerebral artery) 比腦疝壓住，形成缺血性中風。
二．中央腦疝 (central herniation)。腦幹被外力向下壓，引起徵狀。最常見係第六腦神經 (外展神經, abducens nerve) 麻痺，引致斜視同埋複視。
三．顳葉鈎回腦疝 (uncal herniation)、亦稱小腦幕切蹟疝 (tentorial herniation)。指大腦顳葉 (temporal lobe, 旁邊靠近顳骨的部分) 中嘅鈎回 (uncus) 結構受壓而被擠出小腦幕。病徵有三：瞳孔擴大、郁唔到隻眼 (第三腦神經 (動眼神經, oculomotor nerve) 受壓麻痺)；半身不遂 (大腦腳 (cerebral peduncle) 受壓，其中嘅下行運動神經亦受牽連)；昏迷 (中腦網狀系統 (midbrain reticular formation) 結構受損)。大腦後動脈 (posterior cerebral artery) 亦有機會受壓，形成缺血性中風。
四．小腦扁桃體疝 (tonsillar herniation)。當壓力夠大，小腦可由枕骨大孔 (foramen magnum) 外疝。咁就嚴重啦，因為腦幹會因此受壓，其中控制呼吸同心跳嘅中心會受損，導致呼吸停頓、心跳停頓、血壓不穩，繼而死亡。

任何頭部創傷都可能引起顱內出血，繼而使顱內壓上升，最後腦疝。腦疝係可以致命嘅。所以希望大家為周同學打氣之餘，唔好忘記暴政曾經無數次向人民嘅頭顱攻擊，嘗試奪去我哋嘅性命。但係筆者亦都喺到呼籲：大家唔好絕望、唔好麻木，因為咁樣無異於自己用手向嘅頭顱使出致命一擊。要「毋忘初衷」呀，我哋繼續行落去啦。

***

[Brain herniation]

Before all, please pray for Mr. Chow - may he be safe and sound. The content of this post is a bit advanced, but I hope you can take some time and go through the whole passage. Conditions like epidural haematoma, subdural haematoma and subarachnoid haematoma can all lead to brain herniation, a serious and possibly fatal condition.

Herniation is the phenomenon where an organ is pushed to another location due to external pressure and forces. Brain herniation occurs when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases, and the brain parenchyma shifts its location.

As in the figure, we can see that the cerebrum and cerebellum are situated in different compartments, separated by different structures. The falx cerebri separates the bilateral cerebral hemispheres, and the tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebral hemisphere from the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere. When ICP increases, these structures will herniate into different spaces, compressing other structures.

Brain herniations can be categorised into 4 types:
1. Subfalcine herniation. Clinically this type of herniation has less symptoms. The major sequelae would be compression to the anterior cerebral artery, leading to ischaemic infarcts.
2. Central herniation. Downward compression to the brainstem leads to symptoms like strabismus and diplopia due to abducens nerve palsy.
3. Uncal / tentorial herniation. The uncus in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum are compressed and herniates through the tentorium cerebelli. Clinically there is a triad of symptoms: pupil dilation and progressive loss of eye movements (due to oculomotor nerve palsy), hemiparesis (compression to cerebral peduncle, damaging the descending motor neurons inside) and coma (damage to midbrain reticular formation). The posterior cerebral artery may also be compressed and cause ischaemic infarcts.
4. Tonsillar herniation. When ICP increases drastically, the cerebellum can herniate through the foramen magnum out of the skull. This is an extremely severe condition, in which the brainstem will be compressed, compromising its respiratory and cardiovascular control centres. This results in respiratory and cardiac arrest, fluctuation in blood pressure, and ultimately death.

Any trauma to the head can lead to intracranial haemorrhages, and that can lead to increased ICP and brain herniation, which may be fatal. We should not only pray for Mr. Chow who is suffering so much, but also remember how this government had aimed and shot at the heads of the people, trying to kill us. But it is unwise for us to be overwhelmed with hopelessness and numbness - that is even worse than a physical hit to your head! Never forget why we started - and let us walk further from here.

Figure adapted from Blumenfield H. Neuroanatomy through clinical cases, 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2010.

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