［十分鐘的判決］

早前的47人案保釋聆訊，五日四夜馬拉松式開庭至深夜，被告體力不支暈倒庭內。

然而，今次「國安第一審」的唐英傑案，卻沒有出現這個情況。結案陳詞完結，三位法官宣佈，一星期後的今天下午3時宣判。這天開庭時間準時，並於十分鐘內，宣判程序已完成。

然而，為了這十分鐘，有人願意花6個小時，於早上9時便到來高等法院。能進入內庭的公眾票只有20張，入不到內庭，就沒法親眼看到唐英傑。

這天記者也特別多，長長的人龍在千多呎第一庭外的大堂打蛇餅。庭內26張票迅間派完，庭外也派多了40餘張直播票。百計記者關注，公眾也有約一百二十人到來，在兩個直播延伸庭收看結果。

辯方律師劉偉聰依然穿着他愛的條子西服，拿着棗紅色Fendi皮革袋子。控方的周天行專員拉着黑色金屬拖喼進入高等法院一號庭。

在犯人欄裡的唐英傑，依然穿着他那灰藍色的西裝外套，髮型乾爽，額側剷青。開庭前，七、八個辯護律師圍着犯人欄外，跟他傾談，開庭前氣氛還有點輕鬆，輕輕笑着與律師們道別。

「扑！扑！扑！」三下敲打木門的聲響，預視三位法官將會步入內庭。時間是下午3時01分。個子最小的杜麗冰，脫下她那粉紅色口罩，嬌柔細語地以英文說，她並不預備把62頁的判詞讀出來。只簡短讀出8點總結。

在犯人欄內的唐英傑，專心聽着翻譯先生，從欄外以耳機告訴他的命運。連押送唐的懲教職員，也側耳傾聽。杜麗冰再一次說出那八個字：

「光復香港Liberate Hong Kong 時代革命 Revolution of our Times這支旗，在唐案的處境中，展示出來後，有自然及合理的效應(natural and reasonable effect) ,令這些字可以產生煽動他人顛覆國家。」戴着白色口罩的唐英傑，臉容嚴肅起來。

「被告人當時明白這口號有顛覆意思，亦即是把香港從中華人民共和國分裂出來。」

「被告人展示口號的行為，有意向其他人傳遞顛覆國家的意思，煽動其他人去分裂國家。」

「這口號是被告人當時正倡議的政治主張。」

「被告人在警方防線不停車，衝擊防線，是刻意向警察挑戰，而警察是代表香港法律和秩序的象徵。」

「被告人的行為是嚴重的暴力並影響公眾安全。」

「被告人的行為構成嚴重社會危害。」

「被告人行為威嚇公眾以圖實現其政治主張。」

「故此，第一項控罪（煽動分裂國家）及第二項（恐怖活動罪）控罪罪成，第三項（危險駕駛）控罪毋須處理。」

審訊進行了十多天，這一刻氣氛肅然，平日歪着坐的唐英傑，這時挺直了腰，頻密地眨眼。

＊＊＊
此時，六十多頁判決書，就在庭外向記者派發。判決書由三位法官以英語撰寫，長達六十頁，交待三位法官審決的理由。

「這是國安法在香港特別行政區法院第一宗案例，沒有先例，法庭需要處理一些事務。」判決書寫道，例如在高等法院不設陪審團，被告曾上訴但被駁回。

判決書然後引用了不少案例，指「煽動」可以是印刷報章或單張，並要考慮個案的處境。

判決書也指出，「恐怖活動」不需要實際造成嚴重傷害，亦不需要局限於人身受害。

判決書詳細記載唐英傑開車那天的路線和行為。當他路經警方防線，即使警方使用胡椒球槍也沒有停下來，有圍觀者拍手喝采，也有人從高處扔物，亦有其他道路使用者在現場。判決書指，唐特意過警方防線，期間車速加快，與警察距離只有短短幾米。

「被告人刻意開車針對警察防線，而且展示有口號的旗幟。」

至於專家證人的口供，判決書用22段去寫控方專家劉智鵬及警方錄影調查的發現；而辯方專家證人的口供內容，在判決書中只有9個段落提及到。辯方的研究如連登大數據調查，全港住戶電話調查，焦點小組等，於判決書完全沒有出現過。

關於口號解讀，判決書寫道，「不認為辯方專家的分析對法庭特別有幫助」。判決書引述李立峯教授的話，「李教授的研究是要證明『光時』口號不只一個意義，但沒有測試口號是否如控方專家劉智鵬所說，含有分裂國家的意義。」

法庭指出：「我們關注的不是口號有沒有多於一個意義，而是口號是否可以煽動別人顛覆國家。」

法庭如此理解：「三個專家沒有異議，在事發的2020年7月1日，中文口號有可能像劉智鵬教授說，含有『將香港從中華人民共和國分裂出去』的意思。」

判決處如此述說：「辯方專家沒有反對口號可以有顛覆意義 (the Slogan is capable of bearing a secessionist meaning)」

判決書特別提到，辯方專家報告有提及梁天琦是在參加新東補選時，對港獨理念表達支持。而判決書指出，「李詠怡教授亦同意，梁天琦口號可能被某些人理解為鼓吹港獨。」

三位法官亦引述辯方專家在報告中指，「光時」口號其中一個含意可以是港獨。判決書紀錄道，「李詠怡教授被盤問時，亦同意『光復』可指恢復失去政權，『革命』可以指推翻政府。」

判決書亦指出，不論是控方還是辯方，三位專家證人均強調理解口號需要強調其「脈絡」(context).

而判決書亦指出，今次要理解口號的脈絡是，被告人在繁忙的高速公路上展示旗幟，當日港島區有大型反國安法示威，被告人在不同方向的車路來回，而且不肯在警方防線停車，而這一天也是香港回歸中華人民共和國的周年日子，國安法剛剛生效的第一天。

故此，在這些脈絡理解下，「自然及合理」的效果是，綜合各個因素，這口號在這處境帶有「把香港從中國分裂出來的意思」，而且可以「煽動他人去顛覆」。

判詞又提到，即使被告人理解口號並不代表港獨，「又即使口號像辯護學者專家說，只是想恢復失去的事物及追求徹底改變，我們認為該口號仍是鼓吹一種政治主張。」

法庭指出，不相信被告當天只是擔任救護員或只是約了人午飯。從唐英傑與友人的電話訊息可見，唐知道當日甚麼時候「聚人」（群眾聚集），亦關注自身「安全」及警方設置路障情況，亦知悉警方舉起干犯國安法警告旗是紫色。這些對話或訊息，反映唐知道這支旗不是沒有意思的。

而唐衝向警方防線，挑戰警方權力，令附近的人留下印像。所以，法庭認為唐是有意展示一支帶有港獨意思的旗幟，而法庭認為唐知道自己行為是向其他人傳遞顛覆國家的意思。

判詞又提到，唐開車衝防線的行為，對公眾構成危險：「電單車可以是一個潛在的致命武器」。而「明目張膽於大街大巷衝過警方防線，可令守法的市民感到驚恐，覺得安全及和平的社會有可能變成無法無天。」

三位法官指，恐怖襲擊的「威嚇性」在於，「被告追求政治主張，令社區裡不支持其政治主張的人感到威嚇，令他們不敢張聲或提出反對意見。」故此，「威嚇效果」只要出現於一部分人當中，已是對公眾做成威嚇性。故此，恐怖活動罪的控罪元素被確立。

＊＊＊

審決宣佈了，緊接的法律程序繼續運行。

杜官說，兩天後星期四早上進行「求情」程序，辯方八旬的外籍大狀Clive Grossman說，唐英傑有大批求情信，會早一點交給法庭。
而控方周天行專員則向法庭申請，把涉事的電單車充公。

十分鐘內，國安法第一審已判決完成。

三位法官只有一位曾經開口說話。

唐英傑還未消化自己的命運，已要脫下耳機交還給翻譯先生。辯護律師團隊走到犯人欄旁，跟唐英傑商討了一會兒。保安員不斷催促旁聽席的人離開，但仍有人不肯走。唐英傑從法院步回羈留室的那幾步路，與旁聽席擦身而過。

旁聽席傳出叫喊聲：「加油！愛你，英傑！」

英傑只有廿四歲，平日會孩子氣地用單手做心型手勢，今天只輕輕舉起了左手，微弱地揮動了幾下，沒有力氣般，他的壯碩身影，倏地就消失於法庭內。

（圖為宣判後記者於高等法院外進行直播的情況）

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2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

今天還是聊 phonics。很多家長可能不太了解 phonics 是什麼，有的趕早送小孩去學，有的跟著公立小學慢慢學，但到後來發現，小考段考以為過關了，實際孩子學完就忘了，其實不會用，船過水無痕。最擔心的是過程中折損了孩子對英文的好感。

先說一句，我那年代學校是國中才教英文，我小學四年級（30 多年前！）在兒童美語班學英文，就是學 phonics，同時學 KK 音標。現在回想起來，當時課程的設計是用 KK 音標+模仿老師學發音、背鵝媽媽童謠學語調、phonics 學拼讀，加上每次下課前錄音回家聽，每次上課默寫、背書、考聽寫，高強度聽說讀寫齊頭並進。我到現在都還記得上課的時候老師邊唱 "Phonics, phonics, phonics~" 要我們拿課本出來，也記得回家作業第一條永遠是 "recite and memorize..." XD

以多年 phonics 使用者的經驗，參考國外母語孩子學 phonics 的歷程資料，試著說清楚 phonics 到底是什麼，怎麼學怎麼練，不足的地方在哪裡。希望對大家有幫助。

－－－－－－－
以 cat 這個字來舉例。為了說明方便，聲音我用 IPA / KK 音標表示，臺灣小學階段大部分不用音標。

一、
1.
cat 有「形」－「音」－「義」三個組成部分
形=拼字 spelling：C-A-T
音=發音 pronunciation：[kæt]
義=涵義 meaning (實物、圖片或中文翻譯)：🐈

上次貼文裡提到過了，phonics 處理的是「形」－「音」對應，在聽、說、讀、寫四項能力中：
看到 C-A-T，可以唸出 [kæt] ：讀的基礎技能
聽到 [kæt] ，可以拼出 C-A-T：寫的基礎技能
（讀和寫是閱讀理解和書面表達能力，需要與「義」結合，並且有上下文，才是有意義的讀寫）

＊Phonics 促進的是讀寫能力。（不要再被「自然發音」四個字誤導了！）
把學英文的年齡段提前，就是要按照更合理的「聽說讀寫」學習順序，聽說能力應該先於讀寫。
這樣一看就很清楚，不應該在沒有聽說能力前先學 phonics。

2.
外語孩子不太可能像母語人士一樣，上小學前已經有數千字的聽力詞彙，邊學 phonics 邊學新單字的情況很多。
如果是這樣的情況，就是聽說讀寫同時學習。

＊需要留意一個盲點：
小孩看著 🐈 圖卡，唸出 [kæt]，拼出 C-A-T，
這時小孩是正確運用了 phonics 規則，由讀音拼出 C-A-T，
還是走了捷徑，看著圖片直接拼出 C-A-T 的？－－如果直接由「義」連結到「形」，那就沒有練習到 phonics 技巧。

二、
要能看著 C-A-T 讀出 [kæt]，或是聽到 [kæt] 拼出 C-A-T ，孩子需要先具備哪些能力？

1. 認識字母並熟記相應字母音
現在流行的字母音 chants，常是 "A, A, A, /æ/, /æ/, /æ/, apple, apple, apple..." 這類型的。
英文有 26 個字母，但有 44 個音素，不是一一對應的，所以有 phonics 規則來輔助判斷單字如何發音。

2. 聽到 [kæt] ，可分解為 /k/ - /æ/ - /t/ 三個音素
－之前分享過資料，母語孩子大約 6 歲可以有這個能力

3. 聽到 /k/ - /æ/ - /t/ 可以連著讀出 [kæt]
－同上，母語孩子 6 歲的能力

4. 運用 phonics 規則解碼－讀：
(1) 看到 C-A-T，判斷為 CVC (子音-母音-子音) 結構
(2) CVC 結構，判斷 "A" 讀短音 /æ/
(3) "C" 在 "A" 前面，判斷 "C" 讀 /k/ （"C" 在 "E", "I" 前面讀 /s/，其他字母前讀 /k/）
(4) 三個字母分別對應字母音：/k/ - /æ/ - /t/
(5) 運用 3. 的 blending 能力，讀出 [kæt]

5. 運用 phonics 規則編碼－寫：
(1) 聽到 [kæt]，分解為 /k/ - /æ/ - /t/ (上述 2. 的能力)
(2) 辨認 /æ/ 為短母音 "A" (上述 1. 的能力)
(3) 判斷 /k/ 在 "A" 前面應為 "C"
(4) 寫出 C-A-T

三、彩蛋！（地雷？）
上面第 5. 項聽音拼字的過程，如果聽力不夠好：
(1) 把 /æ/ 聽成 /ɛ/，就會拼出 K-E-T
(2) 把 /æ/ 聽成 /eɪ/，就會拼出 C-A-T-E

聽力不夠好，原因通常是發音不標準、不穩固。自己說不出來的，耳朵就聽不到。
不穩固的意思是，可能要你特別把 cat, KET, Cate 三個字放在一起唸，還可以分得清楚
但是三個分開在不同句子裡面的時候，難保不會把 cat 唸成 Cate，把 Cate 唸成 KET。
現在看過 phonics 規則運用全過程，你就知道發音不標準，不是要聽的人「自己憑上下文判斷就好、不要吹毛求疵」那麼簡單的問題，
而是會連帶影響拼寫，考試會扣分喔！這樣發音是不是很重要 XD

－－－－－－
做個小結：
1. 發音準確是使用 phonics 規則的必要前提。在小孩能正確發出 44 個音素之前，都不需要心急先學 phonics 規則。
2. Phonics 規則對小小孩來說太抽象，如果你覺得你家三、四歲小孩都學會了，那他要不是天才，就是你看到假象。
3. 小孩 phonics 學很久都還不熟，請不要怪他，真的不是像廣告裡說的那麼輕鬆愉快。
4. 108 課綱之後不知道小學教材有沒有重編過，之前 phonics 分為一個單元一個單元，前面學過考過，後面不會再出現，可能小孩快畢業了你才發現之前幾年學的都船過水無痕．．．
5. Phonics 規則就算學會了，要大量反覆練習才能精熟，學校的教材練習量只夠應付段考，真正要運用自如，那絕對是不夠的。
6. Phonics 只能讓孩子看到單字唸出聲音，沒辦法讓孩子知道他發出的聲音是什麼意思，並沒有辦法讓孩子像學會注音之後享受自主閱讀，孩子覺得很煩、沒興趣是很正常的。
7. Phonics 只能讓孩子學會閱讀，沒辦法讓孩子愛上閱讀－這才是最重要的事，對吧？

＊「爸媽的英文繪本交流站」社團每天都有親子共讀打卡，快來參加！

－－－－－－
一不小心寫了好多，這還只是符合規則的最簡單單字～
不知道這樣寫大家看得清楚嗎？還是更模糊？
留言讓我知道一下吧！

下一篇要先插播講發音。
發音超級重要。Phonics 不能教你發音，但你如果發音不準，phonics 就跟著完蛋。
很多家長擔心自己發音不標準，不敢教小孩，直接送到外面給老師教。
嗯，我有一個壞消息，跟一個好消息．．．

Short Film 「CHOICE」

Are we blessed to be born?
What is blessing?
realistic element?
Or the sense of blessing a blessing itself?

我々は祝福され生まれてきたのであろうか
現実的な要素が祝福か？
祝福と思える考えがそれそのものか？

There’s no fairness in this world.
Time, Race, Age, Circumstances...
Every factor can change the way it works.

平等というものはこの世にはない
等しく皆に訪れる事柄でも、時代、人種、年齢、環境…
様々な要因が、作用を変化させる

Relativistic words swirl around, and distort our concepts.
The words that seem to provide hope have prerequisites that are taken for granted.
They don't even care about those who fell off from the frame.

相対評価的な言葉が渦巻き、概念を歪めていく
一見前向きな希望を謳った言葉も当たり前かのような前提条件があり
その枠に漏れたものの存在など考えてもいない

Hope turned into justice,
and the meaning of empathy changed to consumers.

いつしか希望が正論に変わり
共感の意味は消費者に変わった

So, are we all alone
No one is the same, we never understand each other.
but no one can live alone.

では我々は孤独なのであろうか
同じ人間は1人としておらず、理解し合うことはできない
だが、人は1人では生きていけない

Definitions are made from standards, and standards are different for each one of us.
Therefore, it may seem relative, but it is absolute.

定義は基準によって為され、基準は人それぞれだ
よってそれは相対的に見えて絶対的なのだ

“Love” is always tough. Painful. Frightful.
It's up to us to choose whether we want to be loved.

辛く、苦しく、恐ろしい愛の方が多く
それを愛されるとするかは選択次第なのだ

Life is painful.
Life is beautiful.

生きることは、苦しく
生きることは、美しい



Director : Koshun Mamiya
Director of Photography : Kotaro Yamada
Assistant Camera : Masato Tanaka
Lighting Director : Sora Okubo
Original/Styling/Edit : Koshun Mamiya
Translation : Nao Asada
Narrator : Anocam
Music : 329
Acoustic guitar : Tomoki Iwasaki

Cast : emma



Koshun Mamiya
https://www.instagram.com/koshunn/
emma
https://www.instagram.com/emma_chijoke/
Kotaro Yamada
https://www.instagram.com/kotaroyamada_jp/
Masato Tanaka
https://www.instagram.com/holyhuman__1231/
Sora Okubo
https://www.instagram.com/sora075_/
329
https://www.instagram.com/bpm329/
Anocam
https://www.instagram.com/anocam_/
Nao Asada
https://twitter.com/yokutabenemuru

今次同大家閑聊，分享三方面，最重要因素去適應英國生活，希望幫到大家啦


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✨本集來賓：Sean 是我在 Instagram 紐約的同事

- 我們雖然在 IG 不同 Team 在一些project合作過的經驗 | Projects we collaborated on at IG on different teams
- 在Facebook可怕的升遷制度學到的經驗 | Lessons learned from Facebook's tough promotion
- 如何在大公司內離開舒適圈 | Leaving your comfort zone at a big company
- 哪一本書讓Sean學到如何對自己的快樂負責走出低潮療癒自我 | The book that helped Sean take responsibility of happiness & self healing
- 忙碌的幻覺 | The mirage of busyness
- 一個健康的感情該有的依賴獨立觀念 | What a healthy relationship looks like in terms of dependency
- 還有Sean 做很多有趣的自我實驗 | Interesting social experiments Sean did

📚 Books mentioned:
- The Happiness Project
- Essentialism
- Extreme Ownership
- 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
- Working Out Loud

我們每集都會辦抽書活動，記得 follow 我們 🤩
IG: https://www.instagram.com/leftsideescalator.jacky/
FB: https://www.facebook.com/LeftSideEscalator.Jacky/

***

(00:02:20) 紐約疫情爆發的恐怖經驗 | Covid19 disaster in New York
(00:04:55) 台灣長大，美國念書的文化衝擊，如何融入 | Growing up in Taiwan, moving to the US, culture shock and assimilating
(00:07:27) 回來當兵？！| Military Service?
(00:07:40) 進Facebook的經驗，Instagram的工作經驗 | Experience joining Facebook and working at Instagram
(00:12:47) 如何在大公司跳出舒適圈，挑戰新領域 | Leaving your comfort zone at a big company, trying a new area
(00:17:25) Instagram工作的有趣經歷 | Interesting working experience at Instagram
(00:20:02) 職涯的意義 | Sean's career meaning
(00:23:48) 大家不喜歡「改變」這件事 | People resist change
(00:27:35) Kobe的啟發跟過世 | Kobe's inspiration & legacy
(00:32:22) 5am 早起運動，借助團體的力量達成更好的自律 | 5 am workouts, the power of communities
(00:34:12) 時間管理的好習慣 | Time management habits
(00:37:15) 最有影響的書幫他走出低潮療癒自我 | Most influential book to get through dark time & self heal
(00:39:41) 健康感情如何不失去自我 | How to not lose yourself in a healthy relationship
(00:44:26) 從 Facebook 升遷的壓力學到的慘痛經驗，解決問題代替責怪 | Lesson learned from Facebook's tough promotion pressure, ownership over blame game
(00:49:56) 如何改進 反省自己 | How to self reflect & improve
(00:52:40) 成功的定義 | Definition of success
(00:54:39) 快樂的定義 | Definition of happiness
(00:55:56) 如何改變世界 | How to change the world
(00:57:43) 一年吃素挑戰 | Vegetarian challenge for a year
(1:03:01) 總結 | Conclusion