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[英文學習] 到底該如何閱讀英文？

Extensive, intensive, or narrow reading? What is skimming and scanning?

英語學習者經常被要求在課堂上以多種方式閱讀。有些學習者被要求開口朗誦，讀出每個單詞。有些學習者則默念於心以理解文本。但默讀時，學習者該略讀其要義還是掃讀關鍵細節？抑或專注於語言功能還是練習閱讀策略？

English learners are often asked to read in diverse ways in the classroom. Some are asked to read orally and sound out each word. Others are told to read silently for comprehension. However, when reading silently, should learners skim for essential meanings or scan for key details? Or should they focus on linguistic features and practice reading strategies?

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Oral Reading

在找到一種閱讀方法之前，讓我們來檢視一下不同的閱讀類型。朗誦需要老師或學生大聲地朗讀，並幫助學生掌握聲韻，幫助他們改進語調、腔調、重音與節奏。默讀則包含精讀、泛讀以及窄式閱讀。

Before we can address these questions and find a suitable reading approach, let’s examine what the different reading types are.

Oral reading involves the teacher or students reading aloud and helps students to develop prosody, improving their intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. Silent reading consists of intensive, extensive, and narrow reading, amongst others.

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Intensive Reading

精讀需要學習者在特定的學習目標與任務中進行精細的閱讀。這通常是課堂上的要求，學生須專注在文法及標示語等細節。同時學生還須辨別關鍵詞彙，並在老師的指導下仔細且反覆地閱讀文本。其目的在於建立語言知識以及對字面意涵、言外之意與修辭關係的理解。閱讀材料通常是少於５００字的文本，因為較長的文本可能導致閱讀時難以關注到所有細節。

Intensive reading refers to reading in detail with specific learning aims and tasks. It is typically classroom-based, and students focus on features such as grammar and discourse markers. Students also identify key vocabulary, and text is read carefully and repeatedly with instructor input. The aim is to build language knowledge and understanding of literal meaning, implications, and rhetorical relationships. The materials used are usually shorter texts of 500 words or less at a time because it might be too difficult to focus on so many details with longer texts.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Narrow Reading

窄式閱讀可被視為一種特殊的精讀，它是基於「可理解輸入」此一概念，意即學生閱讀略高於自身語言能力的材料。如此一來，在老師的協助下，學生得以輕鬆地專注於新的語言特徵。在練習窄式閱讀時，教師通常會找同一作者或同一主題的文章。因此，關鍵詞彙與文法結構會重複出現，學生便有更多機會在稍異的文本中看到這些特徵。這是一種非常成功的方法，因為它可以增進學生對文本的理解。

Narrow reading can be classified as a specific type of intensive reading. It is based on the concept of comprehensible input, in which students read materials slightly above their current linguistic abilities. In this way, students can easily focus on new language features with the aid of their teacher. When practicing narrow reading, teachers can find texts by the same author or the same topic. Thus, key vocabulary and grammatical structures repeat themselves, and students get many opportunities to see these features in slightly different contexts. It is a highly successful method because the comprehension of the text is enhanced due to learner familiarity with the author and subject matter.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Extensive Reading, Scanning & Skimming

另一方面，泛讀需要學習者閱讀較長的文章，甚至閱讀整本小說以自娛並發展一般的閱讀技巧。泛讀經常是課外活動，因為老師可能會覺得這無法有效利用課堂時間，或者老師不希望課堂上太過安靜。

泛讀可能需要兩項技能：掃讀與略讀。我們可以掃讀關鍵細節或略讀要義。略讀與掃讀可使讀者大致掌握文本涵意。這並非意味著您在精讀時就不能略讀或掃讀，只是精讀通常專注在學習並理解語言特徵。當代的教育政策格外強調泛讀，因為我們期許學習者可以自主學習，並在課外進行閱讀。就其核心理念而言，泛讀鼓勵語言學習者讀其所愛！

On the other hand, extensive reading involves learners reading longer texts and even complete novels for enjoyment, and it aids learners in developing general reading skills. Extensive reading is usually done outside the classroom because teachers might feel it is not an effective use of class time, or are just uncomfortable with the extended silence.

Scanning and skimming are two skills commonly used in extensive reading. Readers can scan for key details or skim for essential meaning. Reading quickly with skimming and scanning can give readers a global or general understanding of the materials. This does not mean students cannot skim or scan when reading intensively, but typically, intensive reading focuses on learning and understanding linguistic features. Extensive reading is stressed in contemporary education policies, as learners are expected to be autonomous and read outside of class. At its core, extensive reading encourages language learners to read what they like!

★★★★★★★★★★★★

How should you read?

既然您已大致瞭解這幾種閱讀方式，您決定好要使用哪一種了嗎？答案是——您需要視情況而定！若您想進行泛讀，可閱讀更多有趣的新聞。若想精讀，您可以分析段落並與老師以及同學們回答問題。若想使用窄式閱讀，您可以找同一作者的同一主題文章，並專注在語言特徵。有些人甚至想以朗誦的方式來加強韻律或是重複閱讀來增加流暢度。

Now that you have a glimpse of different reading approaches, have you decided which you will use? The "answer" is that you need each for a different situation! You can practice extensive reading when reading for pleasure, or intensive reading when analyzing paragraphs with your teachers and peers. As for narrow reading, you can find articles by the same author on the same topic and focus on language features. Some might even want to practice oral reading to improve prosody or repeated reading to increase fluency.

訓練有素的老師可以傳授您各種不同的閱讀方法與策略，如此您便可自行練習。但即便您知道該怎麼做，您是否有足夠的決心與毅力？您該如何選擇閱讀材料並且積累閱讀策略呢？

A trained teacher can provide you with approaches and strategies for each situation so you can practice them on your own. However, even when you know how to read, do you have the determination and perseverance to read or do so much? How do you select the right materials, and how do you acquire reading strategies?

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Narrow Reading Course

如果您需要這些閱讀技巧與學習方法，也想練習窄式閱讀，那麼王梓沅老師的英文課程可以幫助到您。王梓沅老師將窄式閱讀拓展為窄式學習法，在不同的媒體上關注同一作者的同一主題資料。他的課程還使用「成長心態」與「恆毅力」學習法，傳授學習者如何開始並持之以恆，而後成為自己成功路上的最佳導師！

If you need these reading and learning strategies and want to practice narrow reading, Alexander Wang’s course is the one for you. Alex expands the narrow reading approach into narrow learning, focusing on effective language learning by using materials from the same author, the same theme, but different media. His class also guides students in developing a growth mindset with an emphasis on grit, teaching learners how they can start and sustain their learning.

The class aims to help learners become their own teachers on their English learning journey!

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Check out his class here:

限時折扣，最後倒數 >>> https://bit.ly/34DG64O

推薦該課程的所有收益將捐獻給慈善機構。在收到資金並完成捐贈後，我將會發表一個公告。

All proceeds from the referral of the class will be donated to charity. I will make an announcement when the funds are received and donated.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

References

Gardner, D. (2008). Vocabulary recycling in children's authentic reading materials: A corpus-based investigation of narrow reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(1), 92-122.

Krashen, S. (2004). The case for narrow reading. Language Magazine 3(5):17-19.

MacLeod, M. (2013). Types of Reading. Retrieved April 14, 2020.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

【馬前總統 vs.蔡總統！英文口說能力分析】
背單字效率大增！心智圖101 堂加長版優惠中
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✔︎ 用對方式搞定托福、雅思必考單字
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📣 來自學員的真情推薦：「心智圖的學習方式，不只幫助我學習字彙
更讓我在寫作/口說更能活用單字！」

★★★★★★★★★★★★

[時事英文] 同學期待的政治英文影片第一集總算出爐了! 在此先聲明，我跟Howard老師純粹是分析英文，兩位總統都是神人級的第二語言使用者! 此影片的目的不在於比較兩者的英文能力，而是提供學習者英文口語的實際操作和可以注意的小細節。 以下是影片中提到的一些資訊，請看完再發表評論:

馬英九（1950年7月13日－），中華民國政治人物，曾任中華民國第12、13任總統、國民黨主席等職。畢業於國立台灣大學法律學系，其後前往美國深造，獲紐約大學法學碩士學位，哈佛大學司法學博士學位。曾經擔任蔣經國總統的英文翻譯。

影片: https://youtu.be/lRACKQkgFqc?t=32
Former President of Taiwan Ma Ying-jeou, in conversation with Jerome A. Cohen, discusses student exchanges between Germany and France.

●沒有看稿子
●非常有經驗的講者
●發音大致上標準 (Prussia 普魯士, herald, tribune, presidency)
●good use of stress (enhancements)
●流暢度有練過特別停頓來思考
●提連貫性跟內容組織的部分
●會以故事的方式去切入重點

用的評分系統: https://www.ielts.org/-/media/pdfs/speaking-band-descriptors.ashx?la=en

●wide range and skillful use of vocabulary: are aware of, feel uneasy, visionary leaders, engage in a massive student exchange, worked miracles, became cornerstones
●mistakes: skip school, quit school, tense--become cornerstone
●short, concise sentences suited for clear public speaking
●lexically dense sentences

★★★★★★★★★★★★

蔡英文（1956年8月31日－）是中華民國（臺灣）的政治人物、法律學者、律師，為現任中華民國總統，原擔任民主進步黨主席。她先後獲得國立臺灣大學法律學系法學士、康奈爾法學院法學碩士、及倫敦政治經濟學院法學博士，曾任教於國立政治大學法學院和東吳大學法學院。

影片: https://youtu.be/5ygpAnK02uk?t=55
President Tsai Ing-wen in Harvard giving advice to students on policy challenges, choices, and leadership in the next decade

●沒有看稿子
●英式發音* (taught, good), 非常清楚
*其實很多英國人不喜歡英式口音這個標籤，英國人覺得他們自己講的才是真正標準的英文，是美國人才有口音

而且現在的英國(聯合王國)也是四個國家組成的，每個區域的發音都有一些區別。

用的評分系統: https://www.ielts.org/-/media/pdfs/speaking-band-descriptors.ashx?la=en

●用詞豐富: rebellious, challenge your teachers and contemporaries, make yourself suited for changes, sharing values, expediting
●流暢度, 有些停頓, 但是思考內容的停頓絕對是自然的!
●文法沒有任何的錯誤 (a rebellious one, meaning...分詞構句, everything that is taught 形容詞子句, what is true today...名詞子句)

★★★★★★★★★★★★

對我而言，英文是一種工具，不覺得每一個政治人物都需要英文，有專業和可靠的翻譯輔助，就足夠了。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

在此提供我的「心智圖詞彙攻略」課程，希望對大家的語言學習有幫助: https://bit.ly/2QgajQw

也獻上Howard老師《會走路的翻譯機，神級英文學習攻略本》的傳送門 http://bit.ly/2DfGrhH

浩爾口筆譯 ft. 創譯兄弟

★★★★★★★★★★★★

最後要感謝炙瞳夢 RED FILM幾位大導演的友情協助，幫我們拍出一級棒的影片!

★★★★★★★★★★★★

最近整理了心智圖詞彙攻略的Did You Know!

課程募資已經結束 1 年多了,但我們持續在更新, 讓心智圖的課程越來越好!

超過 3600 名學員好評！心智圖詞彙攻略 ► https://bit.ly/2JdlZUT
結帳輸入優惠碼 eric799 享 $799 優惠 ⏰
活動優惠價有效至 12/14 23:59

同學期待的政治英文影片第一集總算出爐了! 在此先聲明，我跟Howard老師純粹是分析英文，兩位總統都是神人級的第二語言使用者! 此影片的目的不在於比較兩者的英文能力，而是提供學習者英文口語的實際操作和可以注意的小細節。 以下是影片中提到的一些資訊，請看完再發表評論:

馬英九（1950年7月13日－），中華民國政治人物，曾任中華民國第12、13任總統、國民黨主席等職。畢業於國立台灣大學法律學系，其後前往美國深造，獲紐約大學法學碩士學位，哈佛大學司法學博士學位。曾經擔任蔣經國總統的英文翻譯。

影片: https://youtu.be/lRACKQkgFqc?t=32
Former President of Taiwan Ma Ying-jeou, in conversation with Jerome A. Cohen, discusses student exchanges between Germany and France.

●沒有看稿子
●非常有經驗的講者
●發音大致上標準 (Prussia 普魯士, herald, tribune, presidency)
●good use of stress (enhancements)
●流暢度有練過特別停頓來思考
●提連貫性跟內容組織的部分
●會以故事的方式去切入重點

用的評分系統: https://www.ielts.org/-/media/pdfs/sp...

●wide range and skillful use of vocabulary: are aware of, feel uneasy, visionary leaders, engage in a massive student exchange, worked miracles, became cornerstones
●mistakes: skip school, quit school, tense--become cornerstone
●short, concise sentences suited for clear public speaking
●lexically dense sentences

★★★★★★★★★★★★

蔡英文（1956年8月31日－）是中華民國（臺灣）的政治人物、法律學者、律師，為現任中華民國總統，原擔任民主進步黨主席。她先後獲得國立臺灣大學法律學系法學士、康奈爾法學院法學碩士、及倫敦政治經濟學院法學博士，曾任教於國立政治大學法學院和東吳大學法學院。

影片: https://youtu.be/5ygpAnK02uk?t=55
President Tsai Ing-wen in Harvard giving advice to students on policy challenges, choices, and leadership in the next decade

●沒有看稿子
●英式發音* (taught, good), 非常清楚
*其實很多英國人不喜歡英式口音這個標籤，英國人覺得他們自己講的才是真正標準的英文，是美國人才有口音

而且現在的英國(聯合王國)也是四個國家組成的，每個區域的發音都有一些區別。

用的評分系統: https://www.ielts.org/-/media/pdfs/sp...

●用詞豐富: rebellious, challenge your teachers and contemporaries, make yourself suited for changes, sharing values, expediting
●流暢度, 有些停頓, 但是思考內容的停頓絕對是自然的!
●文法沒有任何的錯誤 (a rebellious one, meaning...分詞構句, everything that is taught 形容詞子句, what is true today...名詞子句)

★★★★★★★★★★★★

對我而言，英文是一種工具，不覺得每一個政治人物都需要英文，有專業和可靠的翻譯輔助，就足夠了。

媒體報導: https://wp.me/p44l9b-1G4

在此提供我的「心智圖詞彙攻略」課程: https://bit.ly/2teELDq

也獻上Howard老師會走路的翻譯機，《會走路的翻譯機，神級英文學習攻略本》 http://bit.ly/2DfGrhH

最後要感謝炙瞳夢 RED FILM幾位大導演的友情協助，幫我們拍出一級棒的影片!

★★★★★★★★★★★★

NOTE: Thank you for the comments, everyone, both the positive and negative ones. We'll continue to do our best to produce entertaining yet educational videos.

There is a lot of information that we could not fit in a 10 min video, and some parts could be more clearly presented. For example, pauses are entirely natural when one searches for content. This point was stated in the video but went unnoticed by many commenters. Some have also expressed concerns about the clips selected. We selected them based on the following criteria: be related to education, have "spontaneous" interaction, and be in the public domain. Not many clips on the net meet these criteria, and the two above were the only ones we had access to. Last, some comments (from both sides) have accused us of bias. We tried to be as impartial as possible, and if you require more information on our thoughts, please refer to our notes in the video description. As previously stated, both candidates are advanced second language users, and it is not our aim to compare or criticize them. Again, thank you all for your feedback. We will strive to do better in the future.