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[爆卦]四法印四聖諦是什麼？優點缺點精華區懶人包

雖然這篇四法印四聖諦鄉民發文沒有被收入到精華區：在四法印四聖諦這個話題中，我們另外找到其它相關的精選爆讚文章

在 四法印四聖諦產品中有56篇Facebook貼文，粉絲數超過0的網紅，也在其Facebook貼文中提到， #英國小學 #秋季學期 「船到橋頭自然直」，從外籍新娘到老神在在的地方媽媽，不同文化思考和教育制度，孩子入學媽媽也學習。英國的小學制服以前介紹過，今天開始來說說盎格魯薩克遜人表面嚴肅、實際悶騷到骨子裏，整年度 #多如牛毛的各種校園活動 (每間學校略有不同，可能有幾項不參加／每年規畫不同項目，但是八九...

　同時也有31部Youtube影片，追蹤數超過2,980的網紅Horseman & Storyteller，也在其Youtube影片中提到，今天英國最陰的墓地 這個墓地就是海格特公墓 這裡據傳是倫敦最陰的地方 不過因為這裡下葬了很多名人 因此這裡也成了一個熱門景點 也有人就聲稱在這裡看見吸血鬼 整起事件更是鬧到需要警察看守 但這座公墓到底發生了甚麼事情? 真的有吸血鬼出沒還是只是單純鬧鬼? 各位觀眾趕快在下面留言跟我們一起討論 #英國 ...

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四法印四聖諦 在 Valentine Wu Instagram 的最讚貼文

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⭕️第402次專注，持咒經行思惟「根本佛教」，由日本佛教研究學者所提出的佛教史分期法，主要指釋迦牟尼在世時期，以及這段時間的佛教。認為公元前五百年在古印度示現成佛的釋迦牟尼佛在人間的時間訂為後世佛弟子第一次結集佛所說法的內容範圍的佛教。這個概念經常與原始佛教或初期佛教混用。中村元《廣說佛教語大辭典》...

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⭕️第401次專注，持咒經行思惟「原始佛教」，佛教史的最初階段，一般指從佛陀證道傳教或佛滅後開始，指的是釋迦牟尼開始說法，建立僧團，一直到根本分裂後部派佛教形成之前的歷史階段，此時的教義與釋迦牟尼原始的教義相去不遠，被認為是最初始的佛教核心教義。現存所有佛教典籍都是第三次結集之後記載下來的，因而初期...

四法印四聖諦 在 Valentine Wu Instagram 的最佳貼文

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⭕️第400次專注，持咒經行思惟「上座部佛教」，佛教宗派，現今流行於斯里蘭卡、緬甸、泰國、柬埔寨、寮國、越南高棉族、寮國族及中國泰族聚居地等地，還有一些古印度傳承殘存在孟加拉吉大港山區、尼泊爾連同印度米佐拉姆邦、阿魯納恰爾邦、中國雲南傣族聚居區；與大眾部並列為現存佛教最基本的兩大派別。因其尊奉巴利三...

  • 四法印四聖諦 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2021-09-09 17:15:02
    有 99 人按讚

    #英國小學 #秋季學期
    「船到橋頭自然直」，從外籍新娘到老神在在的地方媽媽，不同文化思考和教育制度，孩子入學媽媽也學習。英國的小學制服以前介紹過，今天開始來說說盎格魯薩克遜人表面嚴肅、實際悶騷到骨子裏，整年度 #多如牛毛的各種校園活動 (每間學校略有不同，可能有幾項不參加／每年規畫不同項目，但是八九不離十、小學七年都在搞這些)

    ** School Lunch
    學校午餐每天在廚房現煮，菜單固定，通常三週為一個週期、15天份不同午餐、每天的主菜選擇三種 (熱食、輕食和素食)、加上不同的配菜和甜點，菜單安排通常遵循傳統每週四吃咖喱、每週五吃魚，其他天可能有義大利麵、pizza、牧羊人派、起司焗義粉、漢堡熱狗堡潛艇堡、烤雞或豬排... 偶爾可能有炒麵；英格蘭地區公立小學 #二年級以下毋須付費，三年級以上每天大約三鎊，也可以自備午餐 (冷食，不提供加熱設備)，有些學校允許家長預約付費到學校和比較年幼的孩子共進午餐，朋友參加過覺得學校午餐不錯吃，我想她應該是饑不擇食、不用煮飯洗碗怎樣都好吧，哈哈哈哈哈。

    ** Snacks
    每天有 1-2 次的點心時間，可以自己帶符合健康原則的點心，像是水果、蔬菜棒或麵包條，不能帶巧克力棒或洋芋片，因為可能引發某些學生的過敏反應、大部份學校 #禁帶堅果類。公立學校通常免費供應整籃水果和牛奶，要吃自己拿，數量太多吃不完還會發給學生帶回家。常見的點心水果是蘋果、橘子和香蕉，英國人習慣不洗不削果皮直接吃，不可思議但是世世代代這麼吃好像也沒怎樣。

    ** Wraparound childcare
    課外時段服務，類似安親班的功能。一般小學早上 8:45 上學、下午 3:15 放學，如果父母因為上班之類的因素來不及接送，除了請有立案的 childminder 或是和朋友約定互相支援之外，也可以付費提早到校 (最早可能七點半) 和延後離開 (最晚五點半左右)，除了整個月 (或學期) 固定時間制有些學校可以臨託，參加wraparound 的學生不分年級大家集和在一起，依照個別愛好和天氣，分組作手工、玩玩具或者在室外跑跳，總之 #都在玩，早上八點和下午四點半左右會提供簡單的早餐(麥片和吐司) 和點心 (這餐叫"tea"，但是一點也不高貴，大抵是 sausage roll、pizza 等等能簡單加熱的食物)，去過一些雙親上班參與 wraparound 孩子的家發現他們大多玩具比較少，因為英國小朋友大多七八點上床 #回家差不多要睡覺了玩個屁，而且不挑食又很能吃的孩子 #在學校吃到飽，回家不用再度餵食、馬上能上床睡覺，蠻方便的。

    ** Summer Born CSA
    決定哪一年入學的關鍵是九月一日，在1/9之前滿三歲當年進入pre-school (或 nursery，私校稱為 foundation 或 pre-prep) 開始義務教育，滿四歲上 reception (小學預備班)、五歲一年級(...以此類推)，滿五歲之前不強迫上學 (無故請假不罰)； 夏天 (4-8月) 出生孩子的父母可以向地方政府申請延後一年上學，這部份以前寫過；皮蛋正是夏天生的孩子，在上學頭兩年的確感覺和秋冬出生的同儕有身材和發展的落差，不過也正如許多人說的，這些落差在三年級之後漸漸消失，也就用不著過生日時糾結是不是比同學大一歲 (延後入學的小孩如果某方面表現好，其他人可能理所當然認為「他大一歲應該的」)。

    Nursery 和 pre-school 的不同在於前者偏重玩、收的孩童年齡範圍大 (有嬰幼兒)，後者除了玩也注重生活基本能力的培養，可能會教些簡單的數字字母、使用剪刀... 這類的。政府提供的免費幼兒教育福利可以用在立案保姆或公私立幼兒園，公私立的不同在於公立小學附設的 pre-school 師資經過認證、有教學大綱比較有組織，但是時間比較沒彈性 (分上下午。如果上午班就是一週五天每天 9-12點；私立通常可以自選，譬如選上兩個全天和一個半天)，公立小學附設、滿三歲入學的 pre-school 大部份必須穿制服、在入學前必須脫離尿布。

    ** After school club
    課後興趣班。課外的興趣選項，常見的有棋藝、桌遊、樂器、足球、合唱團、烘焙、縫紉、電腦、游泳等等，課業需要補強的學生可能受邀參加英語或數學俱樂部，受班級推薦的特定人選則出席自治會；這些興趣班由學校老師或外聘師資主持，通常上到四點，有些選項必須付費，有些有年齡限制，絕大部份有人數限制、填志願先搶先贏，通常每位學生至少能參與一個興趣班，每學期開放興趣班填選大家... #跑得可快搶得之兇啊～～

    ** Individual school photographs
    請專業攝影師到學校幫孩子拍照，有手足在同校的通常可以合照。去英國人家裏常能看到這些不同年度「穿著制服、看起來很smart的照片」一字排開，算是家庭傳統；大概拍照後一個月學校會發線上密碼挑照片，從5*7規格(含紙卡裱框) 到整套購買、作成鑰匙圈馬克杯各種選購項目，也可以付費下載jpg檔案。

    ** Harvest Festival
    九月底十月初。傳達感恩和分享的意義，學校會開出一張單子，通常是乾糧罐頭之類容易儲存的生活必需品，請各家準備好帶去學校，在早會時集合這些東西、擺上很威的一大桌、講些你們都知道的感恩阿惜福阿懂得分享之類 (我也很會講的) #廢話，然後捐給慈善機構或食物銀行。

    ** Parent's Evening
    大概在十月和五月。學校會通知家長勾選適合的時段到學校和老師談話，了解孩子在學校的情形；親師談話一對一進行，同時段不會有其他家長在場，學生本人可以參與。

    ** Secret Reader
    通常在比較年幼的 KS1 班級，全年度邀請家長到學校為學生說故事；志願的家長在約定時間帶著自己選的書到學校、出其不意出現在孩子的教室會讓小孩走路都有風；依照故事書內容可以配合道具，譬如吹泡泡之類的、特別受孩童喜愛。

    ** Castle Day
    通常在學期初。活生生的歷史體驗，由專門辦活動的公司到學校舉辦，主題可能是倫敦大火、維多利亞時代、希臘或羅馬，在這天全班包括老師 #打扮成古人的模樣，在學校做屬於那個年代的活動，譬如鑿井取水、手作中世紀防黑死病的香囊、拿劍盾穿盔甲排出十字軍東征的防禦隊型... 這些。

    ** Pen licence
    鋼筆特許。不寫正體，大部份英國學校要求小孩寫連字和草寫體，從畫符階段晉升能運筆自如，學生得到這張許可、象徵『從此可以 #像大人一樣用原子筆鋼筆寫字』。

    ** Class Bear
    通常在 Reception (四歲) 和一年級 (五歲) 的班級配有班級熊和它的週記，輪到的小朋友週末時把熊帶回家朝夕相處、並幫它拍照寫遊記，在週一帶回學校和大家分享週末做了些什麼，主要用來培養表達能力。

    ** Show and Tell
    在比較年幼的班級裡，擬定主題，譬如「我最喜歡的玩具」，大家把最喜歡的玩具帶去學校、上台分享玩具是什麼、為什麼喜歡等等，也是表達和溝通技巧的練習。

    ** Golden pupil award
    模範生的概念，各種名目，不一定學業成績出色才得獎。頒獎當天得獎學生的家長可能受邀出席很是得意，不過也不用太高興，比較年幼的班級為了讓大家有自信，可能整年度輪流、#通通有獎。

    ** Phonics badges/times tables badges
    拼音和乘法表徽章。英國人學英文的方法和多數亞洲傳統教法不同，教的是字音，看到哪些字母發什麼音很自然，拼音學會就能讀字和閱讀；在每次拼音學習和乘法表(1-12) 學會時，老師會發給不同階段徽章，可能是貼紙或別針，可以自己收藏、別在制服或書包上，看起來很招搖 (也很煩，如果自己的孩子沒得到太多)。

    學習自然發音可以看看BBC網站或 YouTube上的 Alphablocks，學數字或乘法表有 Numberblocks；這兩個節目也有雜誌、DVD、書籍和玩具。

    ** World Mental health day
    十月初。世界心理健康日，可能會請小朋友配戴一截綠絲帶、穿黃色衣服上學，或是大家一起用黃色素材裝飾教室。

    ** Half Term
    期中假。一年三學期每學期一次、每次一星期，通常在十月底、二月中和五月底。

    ** Guy Fawkes Night/Bonfire Night
    十一月初。篝火之夜或煙火節，可能會講述節日由來和習俗，然後小孩回家像嘴裏內建鞭炮啵啵啵啵不停亂噴口水。

    ** Diwali
    十一月初。印度新年，學校會大略介紹印度文化，可能會讓大家作一些手工，譬如用陶土作 bling bling 的燭台之類的。

    ** Remembrance Day
    十一月中。國殤日，學習和平的真諦、不忘記戰爭的傷痛，通常會有罌粟花佈置 (大家一起作手工把花貼滿校門)，也會請學生帶零錢自由購買義賣的罌粟花徽章手環等等。

    ** Bake Sale
    不定期出現，疫情前一年至少三次，疫情後有些學校還沒辦過。請大家帶自家烘培的糕餅甜點去學校，集中好之後放學時老師會在校門口擺攤販賣、所得作為學校經費，bake sale售價很低、一片蛋糕幾十P這樣吧，問題是... 不曉得誰家拿出來的... (反正我不敢吃啦) 有的 Bake Sale 同時有票選和競賽，最受歡迎最熱賣的不要懷疑就是那些 #五顏六色滿滿糖霜的蛋糕，如果懶得自己動手，捐超市買的現成蛋糕也可以，要不就多帶點錢去買彩票(志在參加絕不要得獎)，反正為學校募款是好事。

    ** Children in Need
    十一月中。BBC 為兒童和少年募款的活動，活動代表標誌是隻單眼蒙著彩色點點眼罩的黃毛熊帕西 (Pudsey)；這個活動為期一週，可能每天有不同把戲，請大家穿睡衣上學、帶硬幣去學校在地上堆成熊形(之後硬幣捐作公益)、穿點點衣上學、舉辦帕西著色比賽、把家裏的泰迪熊帶去學校參加選美比賽... 這類的，參加者建議小額捐款。

    ** Anti-bullying week
    十一月中。倡導反霸凌、學習尊重個體差異，可能會請學生穿不成對的襪子上學 (odd socks day)。

    ** Flu Vaccination
    十或十一月。由 NHS 團隊到學校幫學生噴流感疫苗，在九月會有意願調查、可以選擇不接受疫苗，小朋友的流感疫苗從鼻腔噴入，噴好會給乖乖貼紙和疫苗注意事項帶回家。

    ** Christmas tree & lights switch on
    十二月初。學校立聖誕樹、點上聖誕燈飾的日子，可能會請每位學生自己作一個吊飾帶去學校掛在樹上並舉辦競賽，根據我的觀察，得獎的通常不是做得完美、家長參與太多的作品，而是 #手工感很強 歪七扭八嘴歪眼斜很有童真那種。

    ** Nativity Play
    大約十月開始學校會排演聖誕節公演，最傳統的主題是耶穌誕生，視學校大小和學生人數多寡，可能每個年級或 KS1 (R, 1, 2年級)、KS2 (3-6) 合演一齣，每個人都有角色，主角找不怯場的學生演，害羞的小孩可能分配旁白跑龍套；扮演角色的服裝需求會在十一月左右請家長準備，最常見是純色衣褲 (Amazon, H&M, eBay, Next 有賣)、再由老師和助教加工 (他們真的很強) 作成舞台服裝；聖誕節公演門票在十二月登記，通常會演兩場或三場，每家限定索取兩張或三張票，閒雜人等不准進入、公演現場 #禁止拍攝 (有些家庭受社服保護，拍照曝露行蹤有損他們的人身安危)。公演散場門口設置捐款箱，不妨帶些現金贊助學校經費。

    ** Christmas Card Sale
    在十月左右學校會讓孩子作聖誕節氣氛的貼圖或繪畫，讓家長自由選擇購買用這幅畫印成的卡片、禮物標籤、鑰匙圈年曆或馬克杯；學校有提成作為經費，通常大家都會捧場。

    ** Christmas Post Box
    通常在十二月初學校會在每班設置信箱讓全校互寄聖誕卡。注重社交的家庭在頭兩年可能全班寄卡片，有些家庭因為環保因素不參加。

    ** Christmas Jumper day
    十二月中。穿有聖誕節氛圍的毛衣上學，可能舉辦聖誕毛衣競賽看誰的毛衣最土，通常附帶小額捐款。

    ** Christmas lunch
    十二月中。大約十一月底學校會發出聖誕節午餐菜單讓大家勾選，傳統菜色主菜必有烤火雞、配菜是烤洋芋小甘籃和約克夏布丁，甜點通常是果凍冰淇淋或巧克力樹幹蛋糕。聖誕節午餐這天早上可能會做些手工、中午大家在食堂戴著早上作的麋鹿帽、玩著聖誕拉炮一起吃午餐，喜氣洋洋。

    ** Christmas Carol
    十二月中。在有合唱社團、宗教支持的學校或私立學校從學期開始會練唱聖誕節詩歌，在十二月時在學校禮堂或教堂演出邀請家長入席。我很喜歡聽小朋友唱聖誕歌，氣氛真摯、想到 #好不容易又一年每天起早趕晚催你去上學 潸然落淚。

    ** Christmas shoe box appeal
    十一月初開始募集。自選性別和年齡層幫不是那麼富裕國家的小朋友準備整鞋盒的聖誕禮物，教導小朋友知足和感恩；這個活動的主辦單位是帶有強烈反同志意識的某宗教團體，如果介意也可以不參加。

    ** Christmas hamper appeal
    大概在十月左右學校會開始徵集聖誕節禮籃的禮物。通常是日常用品，常見的有手工藝美術材料、香檳酒餅乾巧克力這類的，從各家召集的禮物由校方分類包成大禮籃當作彩票的獎品，出售彩票的所得用作學校經費。

    ** Christmas Fayre
    十二月中的週五放學後。聖誕集市 (有些學校也會辦聖誕舞會)，在學校禮堂擺攤賣有的沒的，包括上面說到的禮籃彩票，常見的還有各種糖果甜食和裝飾薑餅，大多數設有由教職人員或家長義工扮成聖誕老人和精靈的 Santa's Grotto (聖誕小屋)，學校裏聖誕老人給的禮物通常是文具或童書，可能必須排很長的隊入場。

    (呼!! 以上是秋季學期我能想到的，歡迎眾媽補充)

  • 四法印四聖諦 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2021-07-14 07:00:00
    有 7,406 人按讚

    各位朋友早安，吉祥如意！今天是藏曆六月初四【釋迦牟尼佛初轉法輪吉祥日】🙏
    這是有關釋迦摩尼佛的四大節日之一，
    釋迦世尊在菩提迦耶悟道成佛後，
    來到鹿野苑對曾經侍奉他的五個比丘尊者講解佛法，
    向他們宣說了四聖諦（苦、集、滅、道）、八正道（正見、正思維、正語、正業、正命、正精進、正念、正定）緣起論以及三法印，
    指明了脫離生死的出路，
    比丘們聞法後，
    當下得法眼清淨，即証入了初果！
    成為世上最早的佛教僧侶🙏
    正因為佛陀的這一次說法，
    世間具足了「佛、法、僧」三寶，
    也被稱作「初轉法輪」，
    播下了正法的種子！
    感謝釋迦牟尼佛不懈地宣說佛法，
    使眾生得以證悟智慧與慈悲，
    自無明煩惱中解脫～
    請與我一同虔心念誦釋迦牟尼佛心咒🙏
    【嗡‧牟尼‧牟尼‧嘛哈牟尼耶‧梭哈】

    在這個殊勝的日子裡，
    做任何善事功德皆增長十億倍！
    請大家廣發菩提心～點燈～煙供～
    佈施～茹素～祈福～報名法會～
    🙏頂禮南無本師釋迦牟尼佛
    🙏頂禮南無本師釋迦牟尼佛
    🙏頂禮南無本師釋迦牟尼佛

    願眾生能廣積福慧資糧，
    正法永駐～功德迴向～
    一切有情眾生離苦得樂，
    世間疫情早日恢復平靜，
    天災人禍遠離！
    國泰民安降臨！
    ～雨揚合十

  • 四法印四聖諦 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2021-07-14 00:07:18
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    「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

    野放台灣五十餘年，貪狼獨坐，三方四正殺破狼格局，少年多舛，白手起家，隨展覽雲遊四海，如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返，遂設幻影堂自詡堂主，一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」，常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純，彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘，了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝，雖非仙人，亦無道骨，初聞離垢地生清淨心，但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠，待修持也。
    2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

    創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

    台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

    人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

    地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

    地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

    病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

    姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

    Postscript

    I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

    In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

    Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

    Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

    Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
    Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
    Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

    The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

    June 2021,

    Yao Jui-chung

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