說到 #紀律、說到毅力、還有無畏與堅持，《靈魂的路徑》（Paths of the Soul, 2016，又名為《岡仁波齊》）肯定是部非看不可的電影，這是個平凡但絕美的故事，有最謙卑低微的布衣老少、有最壯麗清冷的自然山河、也有最神聖極淨的純真靈魂。

《靈魂的路徑》是由張揚所編寫與拍攝，紀錄一趟兩千公里的朝聖紀實，一行村民十一人，由西藏東邊的芒康縣，途經西藏南方的拉薩，前往拉薩西方，登上海拔6638公尺的神山岡仁波齊峰。沿途都是蜿蜒山路、上坡下坡。
.
＃11人去11人歸
這團岡仁波齊朝聖團，共有十一成員，並非家人，而是來自同村的相互揪團。有年僅九歲的小妹妹、懷孕中的母親、因為殺生過多而心懷罪惡的屠夫、膝蓋受傷的微殘、還有七十多歲的老人。這是一群看來簡陋的長征團體，緊靠一部拖拉車，一路上只能跪拜與步行，真能熬過兩千公里嗎？

讓人感動的是，去程有十一人，回程也是十一人，不過，如果不是看完整部電影，我們不會曉得，原來路程中，一位孕婦產子，一位老爺爺在聖山的山腳下，於寂靜的夜裡默默離世。
.
＃隨著生命河流的起伏
這一生與一死，沒有極度喜悅、沒有哭天搶地，也沒有盛大儀式，藏人看待這些突如其來的每個事件，都是接受、處理、與放下，於是孕婦沒有坐月子，喪家也沒有守喪，而是在生產與天葬之後，持續日常的跪拜與步行。

雖然藏人以平常心與簡樸的方式，度過這些人生大事，不過，他們衷心為初生的嬰孩與鄰近天國的老人祝福，深信他們能在朝聖旅途中，來到或離開人世，肯定是種福氣，也絕對是受到上天無限的祝福。
.
＃磕頭趴跪青康藏的兩千公里
或許你會想說，不過就是徒步跪拜，跟著媽祖繞境，也是如此。

完完全全不同，這是與自己戰鬥與吃足苦頭的煎熬旅程。

剛開始在準備階段，村人砍木板，截成一段一段，麻瓜的我並未意識到，這些白色木板就是未來要陪伴他們一整年，會一塊塊磨平磨扁的磕頭板。
.
＃死嗑精神
由頭頂、額前、心上拍板三下，走三步，然後趴地跪滑，額頭碰地。一路都是跪拜在平均4500公尺的青康藏高原，無論是腳有舊傷、腹中有子、後揹嬰孩、還是幼小女孩，整整走了一年，從凜冽寒冬走到青翠夏日，再走到下一個銀白雪季。

無論是天氣晴朗、淹水泥濘、礫礫碎石、滾滾沙地、還是濕寒雪地，一樣地三拜三跪，即使是九歲小女孩，也不曾討價還價，一起虔誠磕拜。以前從不解大陸用語中的「死嗑」，但是《靈魂的路徑》讓我真實地看見死嗑的精神，並且為之深深敬佩與感動。
.
＃岡仁波齊
岡仁波齊是座聖山。正如同耶路撒冷是回教、基督教、與猶太教的聖城一樣，岡仁波齊是藏傳佛教、耆那教、印度教、與苯教的聖山，海拔6638公尺，是岡底斯山脈的第二高峰。在藏傳佛教，岡仁波齊是勝樂金剛的住所，在印度教，則是濕婆神山。四個宗教的虔誠信徒，都會前來朝聖。

岡仁波齊這個山名，是譯自梵語。岡，意思是晶瑩剔透、如水晶一般的白雪；仁波齊則是最珍貴之物。於是綜合起來，岡仁波齊的意思就是如水晶般珍貴的白雪。

因為是四個宗教的神山，至今沒有登山者攀登超越，即使是世界上最偉大的義大利登山家萊茵霍爾德·梅斯納爾，就算獲准攀登，也放棄機會，同時還勸誡其他登山者，「這座山不夠高也不夠難，去登別的山吧，」他認為人類沒有必要故意超越神山，踐踏其他宗教的神聖信仰。
.
＃旅客貧辛波路壯闊
在Netflix上觀看《靈魂的路徑》，最遺憾的就是不曾在電影的大螢幕上欣賞西藏的晶瑩白雪、翠綠草原、與浩大河山。真是美景無邊，震撼無垠。

但是美景下的旅人，卻是最謙卑與渺小。這趟旅程超過一年，沒有7-11，沒有汽車旅館，也沒有加油站與維修站。沿途的食衣住行，全部都要預先準備，於是，電影一開始，村人齊心宰牛砍柴縫皮製衣。

牛皮穿在身上，不怕跪拜擦傷，預先準備的牛肉乾，則是路途上的三餐，還有帳篷、被枕，數十雙布鞋等等，因為，在浩大山河的途中，不可能會有任何煞風景的商店。
.
＃接受意外活在當下
一年的時間，十一人的旅途，意外碰撞許多因緣，除了生與死，還有一場車禍、盤纏用盡、半路打工、以及輕燃即止的愛的火花。

這場車禍，撞壞拖拉機，使得貨車失去動力，而必須以人力拖拉。面對這一個意外，或許我們會當場咒罵，哭天搶地。但是眾人理解撞壞他們拖拉機的對方，是趕著要去醫院急救，於是沒有怨言與爭吵。
.
＃生命智慧的見證
沒多久，眾人明白拖拉機不可能修理，於是決定以人力拖拉。在接下來的路途中，幾個人拉，幾個人跪拜，再輪流拉車跪拜，週而復始。累了就一起歌唱相互鼓舞。信念，讓他們堅持，虔誠，也讓他們毫無怨言。

天氣晴朗，他們一起歌唱舞蹈，運氣不佳，他們一起吆喝鼓勵。他們的旅程，是生命智慧的見證，讓我們懂得接受意外與活在當下。
.
＃虔誠的毅力與紀律
因為信念與虔誠，讓不可能的任務都成為可能。

倘若能將這股《靈魂的路徑》的精神放在我們的生活，任何時候，只要是面對到達成不了的事情，也都有機會達成。

不過，藏人能夠完成聖山的千里跪拜，並非起於強迫自我，而是在於虔誠與信念。
.
＃熱愛與紀律
因為虔誠信神，他們熱愛這趟旅程；因為熱愛旅程，他們一路帶著信念克服難關，於是，最終他們很有紀律地完成不可能的任務。

於是，倘若我們想要產生紀律之心，或許，我們必須先建立起對於這份工作的熱誠、虔誠、與信念，如此，應該會比起製作一堆表單與強迫自己，還更有效率。

當任務與內心產生信念的連結，無須強迫，紀律自然生成。
.
.
＃每天陪你宅在家看一部好電影Day74
＃第46部電影
＃2021年7月27日
＃靈魂的路徑
＃PathsoftheSoul2016
＃張揚
＃岡仁波齊峰
＃冷門好電影
＃西藏朝聖
＃紀律的生成之道

現在知道為何蔡政府拒絕佛光山捐贈疫苗因爲他們不認為星雲大師是台灣人，a joke!

真愛台灣 哭一次吧！
作者：佛光山開山星雲大師

我李國深，民國十六年生於中國江蘇江都縣，12歲時，因為父親在日本 發動的南京大屠殺失蹤，尋父不着，就在棲霞山出家。我在出生地揚州住了12年，在南京和鎮江住了12年，在台灣住了66年了，我90歲了。

回想民國38年春天，我率領僧侶救護隊，在太平輪沉船失事後幾天，飄洋過海抵達台灣基隆港。60多年來，我在台灣，承受台灣同胞的照顧，台灣米水的滋養，讓我能夠弘揚佛法，完成我發展佛教的願望。對於寶島台灣，我的感恩是無窮的。

儘管如此，我在台灣住了六十多年，台灣並未承認我是台灣人，反而我周遊世界弘法如美國、澳洲，短暫居住過的城市給了我十多個“榮譽公民”。一直到這幾年，我住過數十年的宜蘭市公所才賞賜給我“榮譽市民”的認可。於此，我也非常感謝了。

時至今日，我仍不禁遺憾，在台灣超過一甲子，甚至馬英九、陳水扁，他們都比我遲到台灣，但他們能做“總統”，我卻連做個台灣人都不能，所以只有自稱“台灣中國人”。

記得1989年，我回到闊別四十年的故鄉探親，家鄉的父老也不認識我了，都説：“這是台灣來的和尚。”我不免慨想我究竟是哪裏人呢？後來我只好説，只要地球不捨棄我，就做個“地球人”吧！

當我跟移居世界各地的華人説“我是地球人”時，馬上得到熱烈的共鳴。或許同樣遠離家鄉，客居異域，都有一段顛沛流離的悲情故事，既知道自己是中國人，但和中國又距離那麼遙遠，在血源、種族上，大家是改不了的中華民族，於是就一致認同我，跟隨我做地球人了。

正如先賢 唐朝 鑑真大師，在旅居日本十餘年後，自知老邁無法還鄉而説的遺偈：
“山川異域，日月同天，
寄諸佛子，共結來緣。”
我對手足同胞也是一樣，
大家今生有這樣的因緣，
希望來生再結炎黃子孫的緣

66年漫長歲月，我隨着台灣經歷了戰後初期百廢待興的刻苦艱辛；從戒嚴時期，白色恐怖的時代，當然也經歷篳路藍縷的十大建設時期，我為台灣的百花齊放，創造經濟奇蹟，成為亞洲四小龍之首而感到與有榮焉。乃至第一次政黨輪替後，見證了自由民主帶給台灣的美麗與哀愁。你們66歲以下的人，能解我跟台灣成長的心情？

我嘗過白色恐怖的迫害，也曾因不實的密告坐過牢獄，在槍林彈雨、多少次的死活中，僥倖地延長了生命歲月。尤其來台初期，我受過警察不止百次以上的調查，謠言、耳語、省籍問題，以致我投宿無門、衣食無着，可以説，我在台灣也有過一段辛酸的歷程。
所幸，出家人一向有“處處無家處處家”的性格，我曾經數度環島，走過台灣兩、三百個鄉鎮；我跋涉過溪水河川，也曾在農村睡過豬舍牛房；我翻越高山峻嶺，行腳過八仙山、太平山；我也多次在南北台灣的神廟前，或農家的曬穀場上佈教宣講；我領略寶島各地的人文風光、自然景觀。

我曾在半夜上阿里山頂看日出，也曾徒步到日月潭，與原住民好友“毛王爺”談心，還與他讀國民小學的女兒“三公主”合影。對於阿里山、日月潭，我也和現在的大陸人一樣充滿嚮往。
鄭成功管理過的新營、下營、柳營、左營、台南赤崁樓等地方，也曾令我發思古之幽情。我留連在高雄紅毛港、花蓮的海港，我站在野柳女王頭的一旁，望着大海，自豪於中華文化隨着海水流遍十方，可是這片大海，怎麼把我們兩岸同文同種的同胞隔得這麼遙遠？令人不禁感傷。

那數十年，我在北宜、北橫、蘇花、南迴等公路留下腳印；蔣經國先生開拓中橫公路，我在太魯閣燕子口、九曲洞，不止數十次徘徊，欣賞台灣雄偉奇妙的寶地山川，也曾為修築這條公路的數百名殉難工作人員祭悼祝願。我發願將佛法的真善美，散播到寶島的每處角落。經過汗水淋漓、雙腳踩過的每一寸土地，我與它產生了生命的連結，血脈相通，你能説我不愛台灣嗎？

回憶60多年前，在那個威權的時代，佛教在台灣並沒有發展的空間，但我憑藉青少年時期對佛教建立起的虔誠信仰，不斷到各鄉鎮、漁港、農村去佈教，因為化世益人就是我的責任。我們敲鑼打鼓地喊道：“各位台灣的父老兄弟姐妹們，咱們的佛教來啦！咱們的佛教來啦！”

那些聽到我呼聲的民眾，他們也無懼於蔣夫人宋美齡以異教徒身分的權威壓制，都站出來跟我一起共同呼喊！”台灣的父老兄弟，大人、小孩魚貫的拿着小板凳坐下來，專心聽着跟隨青年弘法隊員唱歌、説故事。我們跨越語言、地域的隔閡，信仰裏純淨的善美真心，我們彼此交融，心意相通。 　　

那時候，一般人都嫌台灣花不香、鳥不語，《波茨坦宣言》記載，中日戰爭後，台灣歸還中國，是犧牲二千多萬人的生命，以血淚換取的勝利代價。因此，我懷抱一顆中國人的心情熱愛台灣，比起滿清把台灣割讓給日本的無邊罪惡，我更慶幸國民黨光復台灣，讓台灣重回中華民族的懷抱。

每逢台灣發生災難，我都能感同身受。從1951年花蓮大地震、1959年台灣中部八七水災、到1999年的921大地震等等，無懼地震、颱風、水患，我們募集物資前往救災，希望帶給災民一點幫助。我們協助捐建和修復十餘所學校，供給學童午餐。

莫拉克八八風災時，我在南部道場成立災民安置所，為了尊重他們的信仰、心中的價值，請來牧師為這許多原住民證道，並且在佛光山設置基督教會的禮拜堂。之後，也捐建了霧台、桃源、長治鄉等八座圖書館。

對於宗教間，我主張互相尊重、彼此包容。例如，我曾將天下文化等出版公司給我的版税，捐給花蓮基督教門諾醫院、慈濟醫院，也鼓勵信徒一起捐款協助。對於天主教真福山社福園區修道院的興建，我也曾在艱難中五年分期捐獻五百萬，聊表祝賀的心意。為了支持南投阮泰賢神父的發心，我也撥出一百萬，響應他重建天祥教堂。屏東萬鑾聖母院的老修女要返回故國西班牙，聽聞她缺少經費，我親自把機票、路費送到修道院，感謝這許多修女數十年對台灣的服務。

為了感念台灣神道寺廟的友誼，我為媽祖創作了一首《媽祖紀念歌》，並且在佛陀紀念館成立了“中華傳統宗教聯合總會”。每年他們參加朝山聯誼，彼此歡喜交流，都是種種的美好因緣。

我發起百萬人興建大學，感謝前任“教育部長”楊朝祥、成功大學前校長翁政義、文學才子龔鵬程、管理專家陳淼勝、前“教育部”政務次長林聰明都來擔任我們佛光、南華大學的校長。他們不嫌棄我童年失學，幫助我完成對社會教育的心願。

六十多年來，我和我的弟子、信徒們為台灣在世界辦了五所大學、十六所佛教學院，我辦了電視台、報紙、出版社、中小學等，如今想來，台灣佛教能有現在的盛況，我也自覺這六十多年，對台灣人心的淨化和佛教的振興，有了一點馨香的供養。也很感謝海內外各地的佛光人及認同我的朋友們，大家一起為兩岸、為世界和平努力不懈。

佛光山大雄寶殿前面，有二十四棵挺拔的松柏，我把它們都看作是中華文化的二十四孝；我又從大陸運來比樓房還高的鐘乳石、太湖石、晚霞石等，與先前在福建鐫刻的十八羅漢，它們像磐石一般安住在佛光山；尤其，我們突 破過去傳統，在十八羅漢中，特地立了三尊佛教史上的女羅漢，表達我一生倡導男女平等的主張。我們建設的佛陀紀念館，希望全世界的人都因它而看見台灣。

我愛台灣，認為我是台灣人，但不能否認，我還有大陸的故居、我的祖先、我的師長 前輩，我不能不與他們共依共存。在文化大革命時期，我在江蘇宜興 的祖庭大覺寺早就化為草嶺荒山，但到底那是我窮苦歲月時接引我入佛的寶地，也是成長我慧命的地方。感念大陸政府鼓勵我重建祖庭，現在的大覺寺超越過去舊有的建築多倍以上，藉此，也表達對國恩家慶的回報之意。

台灣2300萬人最可貴的資產，就是百姓的慷慨善良，遺憾的是，每到選舉，少部分人強烈的意識形態，讓台灣族羣分裂，社會對立衝突，人民與政府相互抗爭，選民與政黨交相指責。在藍綠的政爭之下，台灣人的温和有禮，可以在一夕之間蕩然無存。

我毫不隱瞞反對“台獨”的想法，因為我生逢亂世，一生歷經北伐、土匪橫行、軍閥割據、中日戰爭以及國共內戰。當時生靈塗炭的苦難，時隔八十年，記憶猶新，因此，對於兩岸之間，我主張和平，因為戰爭的後果將是不堪設想。

我終其一生，推動實踐僧信平等、男女平等、自他、宗教平等的行動。而對於兩岸和平、世界和平，則是我畢生的盼望。我衷心的希望，台灣不要再有人我對立的禍患，不要只有藍綠、沒有對錯是非善惡的觀念。大家不妨想一想，假如沒有了“中華民國”，我們的前途還能夠和平安寧嗎？大陸政府還會這麼優厚的待遇我們嗎？為了台灣的未來，我期盼藍綠的惡鬥、媒體的扭曲報導，都能停止下來。

經常有人説：世界最美的風景是台灣，因為人。最近又有人説：世界最醜陋的地方也是台灣，因為媒體造謠説謊、謾罵批評。為什麼短短數年，台灣從最美麗變成最醜陋了呢？所有居住在台灣的人，我們都應該深思檢討。

許多人説台灣的崩壞，是不負責任的政客、盲目的選民與造謠的媒體所造成，三者惡性循環，扭曲了民主的價值與法制的精神。更令人憂心的，在政治選舉的操弄下去中國化，對於中華文化、國族意識、家族源流的漠視與遺忘，讓許多人背棄自己的傳統，忘失了自己的根源。就像陳之藩 先生所説的，成為一株“失根的蘭花”。

這裏我們所説的中國，是五千年中華文化孕育的歷史中國、文化中國、全民中國，是民族血肉相連、不能改變的中華民族。你説，我們能稱作英國人嗎？我們能稱作德國人嗎？我們能稱作日本人嗎？所以，坦誠的告訴大家，我們都是炎黃子孫，這是無法改變的歷史事實。

所謂“木有本，水有源”，台灣人的祖先，哪一個不是中國人呢？除了李登輝先生之外，大家都不能否認自己是中國人。現在，台灣有少數人倡議“台獨”不肯 講中國話，主張要講台灣話。請問台灣話是哪裏的話？台灣話不是福建話嗎？福建話不也是中國話嗎？福建也是中國的啊！你能不講中國的福建話嗎？

在全世界，台灣是保存中華文化最完整的地方，也以中華文化的傳統為榮。中華文化重視春節、中秋節、端午節、清明節……，你能説你不要農曆春節過年嗎？中秋月圓，你能説你不要家庭團聚嗎？清明慎終追遠，你能説你不要為祖先追思掃墓嗎？在台灣，我們每一個人，從小到大接受中華文化的滋養，這是我們共同的根源，你否定它，不肯接受中華文化，難道你要做一個宇宙人間無國界、沒有根的遊民嗎？

俗諺説“呷果子拜樹頭，吃米飯惜鋤頭”，曾經我見過一份資料，康熙三十五年（一六九六）編的《地方誌》，記載當時的台灣隸屬揚州管轄。我不禁歡喜，原來六十多年來我沒有離開過揚州。飲水思源，我們每一個人也都應該找出自己的根在哪裏？我的父母親在哪裏出生？我的祖父母來自哪裏？我的曾祖父母又來自何方？我曾親聞習近平主席説 “兩岸一家親”，我們能否認這種同根同源的事實嗎？

最近，原住民立委高金素梅女士呼籲“禮失求諸野”，在我們認為，如果能“禮失求諸佛教”，更是人間美事。因為信仰必定是人類的基本權利，我希望台灣人民能夠重建新的信仰，樹立道德、講究慈悲、安定身心，人人做好事、説好話、存好心，用因果業報等，幫助社會次序更加穩定，祈願人人幸福，家家平安。

我一生愛中國、愛台灣、愛中華文化，我和大家過去的祖先一樣，在怒海餘生中來到台灣，因此，惟願國泰民安，別無他求。寄語台灣那許多本土派的人士，不要過於歧視外省人；居住了六十多年，我不算台灣人嗎？台灣會這麼狹隘嗎？難道大家的祖宗先輩不是渡海來台的中國人嗎？

現在，這一本趙無任的《慈悲思路·兩岸出路》即將出版，我深有同感，假如我們兩岸慈悲，共同以中華文化救台灣，還怕未來沒有出路嗎？藍綠兩黨如果也有慈悲，還怕未來沒有友好的希望嗎？在此心香一瓣，祝願大家平 安吉祥。是為序。

「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

野放台灣五十餘年，貪狼獨坐，三方四正殺破狼格局，少年多舛，白手起家，隨展覽雲遊四海，如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返，遂設幻影堂自詡堂主，一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」，常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純，彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘，了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝，雖非仙人，亦無道骨，初聞離垢地生清淨心，但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠，待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

你知道其實早期的佛教是沒有規定不能吃肉這件事...
和尚為什麼要吃素，是因為不殺生嗎？
和尚必須齋戒吃素，又是誰造成的呢？
佛祖竟然沒有阻止僧侶吃肉？
這個令漢傳佛教全面吃素的人竟然不是和尚？
一起來瞭解一下吃素的由來吧～～

#素食 #三淨肉 #漢傳佛教
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
｜活動主持｜演講座談｜節目邀約｜
｜燈光音響｜活動規劃｜影音製作｜
｜多幾直播｜轉播車5Glive｜
📮歡迎私訊洽詢喔📥
安導愛講古FB👉 https://reurl.cc/4ylLNX
安導愛講古IG👉 https://reurl.cc/WEb08x
強尼創意行銷FB👉 https://reurl.cc/1gpyLV
這梗怎麼賣👉 https://reurl.cc/7yW5vQ